Standard Deviation and Gulf View Condominiums

Case 2: Gulf Real Estate Properties. Please provide a Managerial Report that includes: 1. Appropriate descriptive statistics to summarize each of the three variables for the forty Gulf View condominiums 2. Appropriate descriptive statistics to summarize each of the three variables for the eighteen No-Gulf View condominiums 3. Comparison of your summary results from #1 & #2. Discuss any specific statistical results that would help a real estate agent understand the condominium market. 4. A 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean sales price and population mean number of days to sell for Gulf View condominiums.Also, interpret the results. 5. A 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean sales price and population mean number of days to sell for Gulf View condominiums. Also, interpret the results. Also, consider the following scenario and include your responses in your Report: 6. Assume the branch manager requested estimates of the mean selling price of Gulf View condominiums with a margin of error of $40,000 and the mean selling price of No-Gulf View condominiums with a margin of effort of $15,000. Using 95% confidence, how large should the sample sizes be? GULF VIEW CONDOMINIUMS List Price Sales Price Days to Sell 95000 475000 130 379000 350000 71 529000 519000 85 552500 534500 95 334900 334900 119 550000 505000 92 169900 165000 197 210000 210000 56 975000 945000 73 314000 314000 126 315000 305000 88 885000 800000 282 975000 975000 100 469000 445000 56 329000 305000 49 365000 330000 48 332000 312000 88 520000 495000 161 425000 405000 149 675000 669000 142 409000 400000 28 649000 649000 29 319000 305000 140 425000 410000 85 359000 340000 107 469000 449000 72 895000 875000 129 439000 430000 160 435000 400000 206 235000 227000 91 638000 618000 100 629000 600000 97 329000 309000 114 595000 555000 45 339000 315000 150 15000 200000 48 395000 375000 135 449000 425000 53 499000 465000 86 439000 428500 158 No Gulf View Condominiums List Price Sales Price Days to Sell 217000 217000 182 148000 135500 338 186500 179000 122 239000 230000 150 279000 267500 169 215000 214000 58 279000 259000 110 179900 176500 130 149900 144900 149 235000 230000 114 199800 192000 120 210000 195000 61 226000 212000 146 149900146500 137 160000 160000 281 322000 29250063 187500 179000 48 247000 227000 52 Let me know if you have any questions†¦ Answers (1) Descriptive statistics to summarize each of the three variables for the forty Gulf View condominiumsList Price |   | Sales Price |   | Days to Sell |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Mean| 474007. 5| Mean| 454222. 5| Mean| 106| Standard Error| 31194. 293| Standard Error| 30439. 72954| Standard Error| 8. 256078| Median| 437000| Median| 417500| Median| 96| Mode| 975000| Mode| 305000| Mode| 85| Standard Deviation| 197290. 03| Standard Deviation| 192517. 7534| Standard Deviation| 52. 21602| Sample Variance| 3. 892E+10| Sample Variance| 37063085378| Sample Variance| 2726. 513| Kurtos is| 1. 0113289| Kurtosis| 1. 183621479| Kurtosis| 2. 022026| Skewness| 1. 0958146| Skewness| 1. 159387914| Skewness| 1. 077642| Range| 805100| Range| 810000| Range| 254|Minimum| 169900| Minimum| 165000| Minimum| 28| Maximum| 975000| Maximum| 975000| Maximum| 282| Sum| 18960300| Sum| 18168900| Sum| 4240| Count| 40| Count| 40| Count| 40| Confidence Level(95. 0%)| 63096. 412| Confidence Level(95. 0%)| 61570. 16398| Confidence Level(95. 0%)| 16. 69949| (2) Descriptive statistics to summarize each of the three variables for the eighteen No-Gulf View condominiums List Price |   | Sales Price |   | Days to Sell |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Mean| 212805. 6| Mean| 203188. 9| Mean| 135| Standard Error| 11536. 51| Standard Error| 10345. 38| Standard Error| 17. 98402| Median| 212500| Median| 203500| Median| 126|Mode| 279000| Mode| 179000| Mode| #N/A| Standard Deviation| 48945. 28| Standard Deviation| 43891. 72| Standard Deviation| 76. 29972| Sample Variance| 2. 4E+09| Sample Variance| 1. 93E+09| Sample Variance| 5821. 647| Kurtosis| -0. 08524| Kurtosis| -0. 46407| Kurtosis| 2. 215301| Skewness| 0. 543955| Skewness| 0. 304181| Skewness| 1. 360547| Range| 174000| Range| 157000| Range| 290| Minimum| 148000| Minimum| 135500| Minimum| 48| Maximum| 322000| Maximum| 292500| Maximum| 338| Sum| 3830500| Sum| 3657400| Sum| 2430| Count| 18| Count| 18| Count| 18| Confidence Level(95. 0%)| 24339. 92| Confidence Level(95. 0%)| 21826. 4| Confidence Level(95. 0%)| 37. 94296| (3) Comparisons The mean sale price of gulf view condominiums is greater than that of non gulf view condominiums. The mean number of days to sell gulf view condominiums is less tha that of non gulf view condominiums. The variation in the sale prices of gulf view condominiums are more than that of non gulf view condominiums. The variation in the number of days to sell of gulf view condominiums are more than that of non gulf view condominiums. (4) GULF VIEW CONDOMINIUMS 95% confidence interval for po pulation mean sales price is 45422. 50 ±61570. 16 =(392652. 34,515792. 6) 95% confidence interval for population mean days to sell is 106 ±16. 70 =(89. 30,122. 70) (5) NON GULF VIEW CONDOMINIUMS 95% confidence interval for population mean sales price is 203188. 90 ±21826. 84=(181362. 05,225015. 73) 95% confidence interval for population mean days to sell is 135 ±37. 94 =(97. 06,172. 94) (6) GULF VIEW CONDOMINIUMS Confidence level = 95% z= 1. 96 s=192517. 75 E=Z*s/vn = 40000 n = (1. 96*192517. 75/40000)^2 = 88. 99 The minimum sample size is 90 GULF VIEW CONDOMINIUMS Confidence level = 95% z= 1. 96 s=43891. 72 E=Z*s/vn = 15000 n = (1. 96*43891. 72/15000)^2 = 32. 89 The minimum sample size is 33

Arthur Anderson Questionable Accounting Practices: Ethics And Advocacy Essay

1. Discuss how the issues with the Arthur Anderson case may have played out differently if the Sarbanes-Oxley Act had been enacted in 1999. The provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Act help minimize the likelihood of auditor failing to identify accounting irregularities by the following requirements: 1). Improving the internal control. Auditors comment on the internal control of the firm should be reported. 2). Reinforcing supervision for financial irregularities. This act boosts to establish an independent the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which is responsible for overseeing the performance of the certified public accountants and the accounting firm. 3). Strengthening the independence of auditors. It means that the act restricts auditors to audit activities only. 4). Encouraging financial disclosure. It also provides whistle-blower protection. 5). Increasing the penalties of ethical and legal misconducts. There are severe monetary and criminal punishments imposed on those audit ors that give false statements. Further, the act lays down the quality of auditing required, the quality of control, and independence standards and rules. 2. Discuss how the issues with the Arthur Anderson case may have played out differently if the Sarbanes-Oxley Act had been enacted in 1999. One specific provision that could help greatly is Section 203, or Auditor Partner Rotation. This section calls for auditors to rotate partners assigned to clients, so that fresh eyes can review the work that has been done. This helps to prevent the â€Å"partner in crime† relationship that contributed to Andersen’s downfall. Finally, the provisions make the entire auditing process more transparent, so that people on the outside of the company such as shareholders, can easily see what is happening. 3. Determine and discuss which elements of the framework for ethical decision making in business (from Chapter 5) played the biggest role in the Anderson case. Arthur Andersen and partner Clarence DeLany founded Arthur Andersen LLP in Chicago in 1913. After 90 years of hard work, this accounting firm we become known as one of the Big Five largest accounting firms in the United States. Andersen set standards for the accounting profession and advanced new initiatives on the strength of its then undeniable integrity. By the 1980s, standards throughout the industry fell as accountancy firms struggled to balance their commitment to audit independence against the desire to grow their consultancy practices. Andersen rapidly expanded its consultancy practice to the point where the bulk of its revenues were derived from such engagements, while audit partners were continually encouraged to seek out opportunities for consulting fees from existing audit clients. By the late-1990s, Andersen had succeeded in tripling the per-share revenues of its partners. Arthur Andersen was constantly accused of wrong doing starting in 1998. Andersen struggled to balance the need to maintain its faithfulness to accounting standards with its clients’ desire to maximize profits, particularly in the era of quarterly earnings reports. Andersen has been alleged to have been involved in the fraudulent accounting and auditing of Sunbeam Product Waste Management, Baptist Foundation of Arizona, WorldCom and Enron. On June 15, 2002, Andersen was convicted of obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to its audit of Enron, resulting in the Enron scandal. Nancy Temple (Andersen Legal Dept.) and David Duncan (Lead Partner for the Enron account) were cited as the responsible managers in this scandal as they had given the order to shred relevant documents. Since the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not allow convicted felons to audit public companies, the firm agreed to surrender its licenses and its right to practice before the SEC on August 31, 2002, effectively ending the company’s operations. The Andersen indictment also put a spotlight on its faulty audits of other companies, most notably Sunbeam and WorldCom. The subsequent bankruptcy of WorldCom, which quickly surpassed Enron as the biggest bankruptcy in history, led to a domino effect of accounting and like corporate scandals that continue to tarnish American business practices. On May 31, 2005, in the case Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously reversed Andersen’s conviction due to what it saw as serious flaws in the jury instructions 4. Discuss how the situation at Arthur Anderson may have played out differently if their senior management had displayed the habits of strong ethical leaders. Standards of any kind are a direct representation of its leadership. If organizational compliance exists, it will trickle down throughout the organization. Arthur Andersen’s ethical dilemma deals with greed. The firm became very greedy and sloppy. They no longer believed in rock solid accounting principles that had been instilled in earlier years. They were more into getting money whether illegally of legally. They felt like they were getting paid more to hide things than to audit. They tried to shred the Enron’s documents even after the court told them to stop all activities of such. Arthur Andersen somewhat helped Enron with their accounting scandal. Had Andersen done the job in an ethical manor, thousands of people would not be out of a job or even worst their retirement funds. One of many mistakes that condemned Arthur Andersen, was the shredding of those Enron documents. Even if the company was lying they could have gotten away with it. If they stopped shredding the documents the jury would not have found them guilty and ruin their reputation. The case did get reversed but the damage was already done. To take it further back than that, I would have maintained acceptable accounting principles like the founding fathers of the company situated. Andersen was doing perfectly fine, financially at least, before it crumbled due to bad decision making. References: www.sec.gov/about/laws.shtml – frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107 www.commondreams.org/views02/0712-02.htm bodurtha.georgetown.edu/†¦/Arthur%20Andersen’s%20Fall%20From%20Grace%20Is%20.. news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2047122.stm www.time.com/time/business/†¦/0,8599,216386,00.html topics.nytimes.com †º Times Topics †º People †º D – resources.bnet.com/topic/sunbeam+corp..html studentoffortune.com/†¦/Ethics-and-Fraud-at-Sunbeam-Corporation

Agriculture and Urbanization

Mark Luccarilli briefly reviewed Bill Wood's Wood Walk posted in the fifth issue of Terrain.org in the autumn of 1999. In his comment it repeatedly states that the idea of ​​Benton MacKaye's original Appalachian Mountains has not yet been implemented and that the MacKaye term itself can be regarded as a failure. Mr. Lukarili acknowledged that he could not lay an intermediate position to integrate agriculture and nature as a whole in the United States, The idea of ​​an idyllic city may treat us as a utopian stupidity in the climax I declared it as 2). . Poverty Alleviation: As we all know, most of the people involved in urban agriculture are urban poor. In developing countries, most urban agricultural production is used for private consumption, and the market sells surplus. According to FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization), poor consumers in urban areas are very vulnerable to rising food prices because they use 60% to 80% of their income f or food. The community center and the garden education community regard agriculture as an integral part of city life. The Florida Sustainable Development Institute in Sarasota, Florida is a public community and education center where innovators with the concept of sustainable energy can run and test them. A community center like the Florida House provides a central place for urban agriculture to understand urban agriculture and start linking agriculture and city lifestyle. Urban agriculture, urban agriculture or urban gardening is a way to cultivate, process and distribute food in urban areas or surrounding areas. Urban agriculture includes animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping and horticulture. These activities also occur in the suburbs, but suburban agriculture has different characteristics. Urban agriculture can reflect various degrees of economic and social development. It is a social movement for a sustainable community, organic farmers, food stuff and l ocal people form a social network based on the common nature and the general spirit of the community To do. These networks are developed with formal institutional support and are integrated into local town planning as a transitional town campaign for sustainable urban development. For others, food security, nutrition, income generation is the main motivation for this approach.

Family Business essay on Estate planning Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Family Business on Estate planning - Essay Example For this purpose, the article Updating Systems Concepts in Family Businesses: A Focus on Values, Resource Flows, and Adaptability, which has been written by Brian Distelberg and Ritch L. Sorenson, has been selected in order to understand the issues surrounding family business and estate planning. Pollard Banknote Income Fund was founded in the year 1907. Located in Winnipeg, Canada, the organization started off as a commercial printing organization. During the seventies, it entered security printing and concentrated on the manufacturing of stocks, bonds, government bonds, etc. In the eighties, it again entered a new market and concentrated on producing lotteries for the government. For this purpose, Lawrence Pollard, the president of the organization, â€Å"mortaged everything he owned. He borrowed $5 million in 1985 to acquire the technology needed to turn his 77-year-old printing house into a lottery ticket printer† (Distelberg and Sorenson, 69). His organization further grew when his sons entered the family business, which is currently an international company. The business remained in the family. In the year 1947, Lawrence had joined the family business. He was invited by his father, who worked collaboratively with his two elder twin brothers (Distelberg and Sorenson, 69). Pollard worked hard in order to ensure that the organization flourished and grew in the advertisement industry as one of the leading printing companies. In the year 2005, â€Å"the organization went public and this strategy was based on strengthening the company’s commitment to the lottery industry and enhances its ability to continue to expand and compete† (Distelberg and Sorenson, 70). The control and power of the business still remains in the hands of the Pollard family. From research it is evident that a family business that remains in the family is the product of hard work, constant struggle,

Journal article for Interprofessional practice beyond the health care

Journal for Interprofessional practice beyond the health care system - Article Example The authors aptly concluded by stating that â€Å"changing health practice should similarly be a joint responsibility† (Timmermans and Mauck, 2005, p. 26). as partners in education† and published in The Hearing Journal emphasized the importance for audiologists to work collaborately with teachers, parents and speech-language pathologists in the proposing interventions on children who are impaired with hearing problems. The author presented information relative to the children’s educational setting, daily classroom routine, students’ personality and academic performance, as well as the support services received in the school setting. Harrison’s findings indicate that â€Å"audiologists who actively engage in a productive relationship with their patients’ educators will find (teachers and speech-language pathologists) to be invaluable partners† (Harrison, 2001, p. 60). The lecture delivered on October 25, 2011 on Health Practitioner Practice 2 presented initially the definitions of inter-professional practice, inter-professional education and inter-professional learning; as well as expounded on other critical terms within this topic (uni- or intra-professional, multi-professional, multi-disciplinary, teamwork and trans-professional). The lecture likewise delved into the importance of studying inter-professional practices, as well the the benefits accorded by working together. The rationale for current interest in the subject was also explained due to changing demographics, among others. More importantly, the implications for students were highlighted to enhance inter-disciplinary experience through increased knowledge, skills and abilties in handling the delivery of health services across multi-disciplinary settings (HLTH1306: Health Practitioner Practice 2 2011). The readings and lecture notes have actually emphasized the importance of collaborating with other health care

THE INFORMATION ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE INFORMATION ECONOMY - Essay Example Further the globalization of the resources and effective use of ICT has allowed large organizations to build competitive advantages so that they can better compete into international market. India is one of the important emerging markets in the world which is showing fast improvements on most of the economic grounds. However, this rise of India on the world economic scene has been mostly due to its strong Information Technology skills development. India has been able to expand its IT and IT enabled services because of the strong government support as India government, historically, has invested into the educating young Indians within the domain of Information Technology. Mobile Phones have changed the economic activity because it has proved one of the rapid and cheapest sources of communicating for the Indians to conduct economic activities. Mobile Phones have been able to prove themselves more useful than computers because they provide quicker means of communicating. Mobiles Phones provide a quicker method of communicating between counter parties in trade. However this advancement in India has been made possible because of government of India’s efforts to invest and focus on IT education. Music industry is one of the largest industries in the world as Music is almost heard by every civilized human being living in the modern world. This industry has evolved over the period of time as starting from crude and old methods of recording music to the new and more modern methods such as media players and internet music channels. The emergence of high bandwidth communication technologies, emergence of internet companies, and online selling of digital music have allowed global music industry to evolve greatly as the it has not only allowed it to get exposure to maximum consumers but also it has become cheaper. The emergence of

Election Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Election - Essay Example Often, elections involve the candidates, the electoral body, and the voters. The aim of voters in any election process is to appoint leaders who will model the future of their society and country at large. In view of this fact, the participation by the people in an election processes empowers them by allowing citizens to create an influence in the future policies of and by their governments. This essay focuses on the United States Presidential Election of November, 6th 2012 and sheds light on the events that surrounded the win for Democrats and loss to the Republicans. It is worth noting that the United States has since the ratification of US Constitution in 1788 been an exemplary representative democracy. The United States depends upon a more complex federal system of government in which the national government remains supreme while state and local governments stamp authority on matters not reserved for the federal government. Basically, there are two types of elections in the US namely: primary and general. In primary elections, party candidates for the general election are determined. Subsequently, the winning candidates proceed to the general election as representatives of their political parties. Specifically, in the 2012 US Election the Democrats won the election due to the campaign strategy employed by their candidate, President Obama. The strategy was one of progressivism aimed at supporting an activist government agenda with a view of expanding economic opportunities and individual freedoms to all people (Perry 112). The strategy involved the inclusion of a multiethnic, multiracial, cross-class coalition consisting of African Americans, Latinos, Asian-Americans, the young, professionals and economically populist blue collar whites. Arguably, Democrats won this presidential election due to the shift in the demographic composition of the US electorate. The electorate shifted in a manner as to include more people of color, the unmarried and working

Womens Leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Womens Leisure - Essay Example However, derby is popularly known as a type of rough contact sport. This is the reason why both male and female players may allow themselves some form of violence, roughness or even cheating strategies if they believe they have to win. At my school, athletes are perceived as physically healthy individuals and ones who are popular among members of the opposite sex. Moreover, the girls’ and boys’ athletic programs are usually perceived as a way for athletes to improve not only their physical health but also their self-esteem and popularity. Personally, I watch men’s professional sports more than women’s, especially basketball as NBA is more exciting to me than WNBA. It is hard to say why but as a man who is into basketball myself, I would usually prefer watching men play sports than women do it. Perhaps, it is the relatively higher level of aggression in men’s professional sports that makes them widely watched compared to women’s. Nevertheless, occasionally I am amazed whenever I see a woman doing a man’s job, especially when professional female athletes get to be really rough on the field, in the court or in the ring. Sports are basically all about competition, and so people are expecting a good and rough fight. This is akin to something that will maintain the adrenalin rush. This is also the same feeling the Romans perhaps once had while watching gladiators kill each other at the bottom of the Colosseum more than two thousand years ago. When it comes to the movie Whip It, Bliss seems to show doubt about trying out for the derby team because she herself is an indecisive woman with no idea about what the future would bring her. Moreover, she does not believe her mother Brooke would be proud of her if she played derby. Brooke wants her to be a beauty contestant like her in the past. Moreover, Bliss may be hesitant at attempting to do derby. This is because she knew that in order to be a professional derby player, on e has to be extra tough although one is female. She may have observed this since the first time she saw the Hurl Scouts and Holly Rollers played. Bliss and Brooke are very different from each other when it comes to leisure and recreation. Brooke likes shopping and is into beauty contests and other activities that bring out the refined woman in her. She views herself as usually right in her decisions, opinions and perspectives. Nevertheless, she shows her humility and love as a mother. This is evident when she tells Bliss that the latter need not join the Blue Bonnet pageant if she is only doing it for her mother. On the other hand, Bliss is into professional derby, men like Oliver, and something that will bring out the best in her. Bliss’ desire to bring out the best in her somehow translates as a desire to join the hurl Scouts and defeat the Holy Rollers. Little does she know that it is one way for her to prove her own worth to herself. In the process, she also indirectly pr oves to her mother that she can make decisions of her own. Nevertheless, at several instances in the movie, Bliss does not feel that she is making the right decisions. Thus, compared to her mother, who is righteous most of the time, Bliss shows some indecisiveness. Furthermore, perhaps this is the same way Bliss views herself at the beginning of the movie – a young woman with no direction. This view, however, changes in the end as her mother accepts her decision to be on the professional derby team. This is also the point where Bliss realizes her calling (Barrymore). The way I see it, Brooke is just the strict, conservative mother that mothers are supposed to be. On the other hand, Bliss is the picture of an ordinary girl who defies her own parents’

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Ethics - Essay Example Wrongful and unethical behavior in the business environment is not a new phenomenon; wrongful acts can be traced back at least two centuries ago. Since the 1970s, public opinion polls have communicated a steady decline in the public's confidence in America's business community, which has shown an infinity for breaking the rules (Gautschi & Jones 205). It is apparent that both the accounting profession and the corporate business world need to regain the trust that stockholders and other constituent groups should have in their ability to manage corporate affairs and conduct business in an independent and moral manner, while still successfully running their businesses. The numerous calls for more and/or improved ethics education illustrates that business students are seen as part of the problem and perhaps eventually as part of the solution (Rich 11-17). Whether ethics can be taught and how it could be taught has been the subject of much research. Many different modules and approaches have been identified in the research and scholarly literature. For example, Armstrong (77-92) exemplifies the code of ethics approach; Langenderfer and Rockness (58-69) focus on ethical decision making through an eight step model to evaluate ethical dilemmas; Rest (1-10), Kohlberg (15-25) and Gilligan (10-21) are relied upon for research focusing on the psychological or moral development issues, an approach that Hiltebeitel and Jones (37-46) and Poneman (185-209) have continued to focus on. Mintz (247-267) claimed that all of these models are useful tools of ethical analysis; however, they ignore the ethical considerations of the actor, focusing only on the act. He noted that it is the actor who is faced with the ethical dilemma and, therefore, it is the actor as agent who will

New Slide Footwear Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New Slide Footwear Company - Assignment Example These are classified as fixed and variable cost: Where, fixed costs are those that remain constant regardless of production, while variable costs will vary with the production (Khan & Jain, 2008; Peavler, 2011). In practice, we have established all the fixed cost as rent and maintenance, while variable costs as wages, materials, utilities and other expenses. This will ensure that we make accurate decisions in preparing all the financial documents for New Slide Footwear Company (Shim & Joel, 2008). On the other hand, revenue assumptions for the proposed business include the pricing of the new product and potential sales during the operations. . As such, we arrived at our unit pricing through conducting an intensive market research that considered several factors such as, the potential target market, cost of materials, forecasted market share and other market pricing values used by existing competitors (FMAG, 2011). Therefore, these assumptions enabled us to prepare relevant financial documents as observed in the following sections. Marginal Costing Cost Statement. Marginal costing cost statement is a document used in marginal costing to create a platform for making all the cost and revenue assumptions (Globusz, 2001). It is a basic document that is useful in preparing financial documents such as the cash flow budget, forecast income statement, and forecast balance sheet.... It is a basic document that is useful in preparing financial documents such as the cash flow budget, forecast income statement, and forecast balance sheet (Kotler, 2000; Shim & Joel, 2008). Table 1 below represents the cost statement for the proposed business venture. Table 1: Marginal Costing Cost Statement for New Slide Footwear Company. Particulars Per Unit Per 12 Months Sales ? ? ? ? Number of Units 100,000 Sales 22.00 2,200,000 Variable Costs Direct Materials 5.06 506,000 Direct Labor 1.12 112,000 Direct Overheads 3.06 306,000 Total Marginal Cost 12.76 1,276,000 Contribution 9.24 924,000 Fixed Costs 5.06 506,000 Net Profit 4.18 418,000 The costing statement shows that the venture will have a contribution margin of ?9.24 per unit of New Slide sports shoes, which reflects to ?924,000 for the first 12 months of operation. The business will generate ?418,000 worth of net profit, after selling the first 100,000 units, which is 19% of the sales value for the whole year. After adjustme nts, the fixed costs for the venture will amount to approximately ?506,000. 3.0 Break Even Analysis. Breakeven analysis is an efficient method used in by business managers in making appropriate decision for shaping the future of a business venture (Globusz, 2001). Precisely, breakeven analysis establishes the breakeven point (BEP), which is the point where an investment recovers its investment but does not incur any profits or losses (Frongello, n.d; Kotler, 2000). The following table gives the breakeven data for the proposed venture. Table 2: Break Even Table for New Slide Footwear Company. Sales Sales Variable Contribution Fixed Total Net Units Revenue ? Cost ? Margin ?

Cognitive science Essay Example for Free

Cognitive science Essay Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it links literary criticism and linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own. [1][2] The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively high literature but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion. [3] Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism. Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengths, the use of particular language registers, etc. In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics looks at what is ‘going on’ within the language; what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals. * | Early twentieth century The analysis of literary style goes back to Classical rhetoric, but modern stylistics has its roots in Russian Formalism,[4] and the related Prague School, in the early twentieth century. In 1909, Charles Ballys Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussures linguistics by itself couldnt fully describe the language of personal expression. [5] Ballys programme fitted well with the aims of the Prague School. [6] Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetic language stands out from the background of non-literary language by means of deviation (from the norms of everyday language) or parallelism. [7] According to the Prague School, the background language isnt fixed, and the relationship between poetic and everyday language is always shifting. [8] Late twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s. He brought together Russian Formalism and American New Criticism in his Closing Statement at a conference on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958. [9] Published as Linguistics and Poetics in 1960, Jakobsons lecture is often credited with being the first coherent formulation of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. [10] The poetic function was one of six general functions of language he described in the lecture. Michael Halliday is an important figure in the development of British stylistics. [11] His 1971 study Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the Language of William Goldings The Inheritors is a key essay. [12] One of Hallidays contributions has been the use of the term register to explain the connections between language and its context. [13] For Halliday register is distinct from dialect. Dialect refers to the habitual language of a particular user in a specific geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,[14] choices which depend on three variables: field (what the participants are actually engaged in doing, for instance, discussing a specific subject or topic),[15] tenor (who is taking part in the exchange) and mode (the use to which the language is being put). Fowler comments that different fields produce different language, most obviously at the level of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David Crystal points out that Halliday’s ‘tenor’ stands as a roughly equivalent term for ‘style’, which is a more specific alternative used by linguists to avoid ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Halliday’s third category, mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation. Downes recognises two distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that not only does it describe the relation to the medium: written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the genre of the text. (Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not simply been used before, but that predetermines the selection of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the principal characteristic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable. (Downes. 1998, 309) Literary stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and ‘valued’ language within literature, i. e.  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœliterary stylistics’. He goes on to say that in such examination the scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). Poetry As well as conventional styles of language there are the unconventional – the most obvious of which is poetry. In Practical Stylistics, HG Widdowson examines the traditional form of the epitaph, as found on headstones in a cemetery. For example: His memory is dear today As in the hour he passed away. (Ernest C. Draper ‘Ern’. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very interesting and suggests that they may even be dismissed as ‘crude verbal carvings’ and crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and preserve affectionate recollections of a beloved friend or family member. However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic phraseology but in where it appears. The verse may be given undue reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, unlike words set in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry are noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text: An Examination of Critical Methods. The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) Implicature In ‘Poetic Effects’ from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of ‘implicature’, as instigated in the previous work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. Implicature may be divided into two categories: ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ implicature, yet between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or reader may conclude. Pilkington’s ‘poetic effects’, as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply ‘read in’ by the hearer or reader. Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or reader’s conjecture of meaning diverge remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says: ‘there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearer’s responsibility. ’ (Pilkington. 1991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkington’s poetic effects in understanding a poems meaning. Stylistics is a valuable if long-winded approach to criticism, and compels attention to the poems details. Two of the three simple exercises performed here show that the poem is deficient in structure, and needs to be radically recast. The third sheds light on its content. Introduction Stylistics applies linguistics to literature in the hope of arriving at analyses which are more broadly based, rigorous and objective. {1} The pioneers were the Prague and Russian schools, but their approaches have been appropriated and extended in recent years by radical theory. Stylistics can be evaluative (i. e.judge the literary worth on stylistic criteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyze and describe the workings of texts which have already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Analyses can appear objective, detailed and technical, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is needed. Linguistics is currently a battlefield of contending theories, with no settlement in sight. Many critics have no formal training in linguistics, or even proper reading, and are apt to build on theories (commonly those of Saussure or Jacobson) that are inappropriate and/or no longer accepted. Some of the commonest terms, e. g. deep structure, foregrounding, have little or no experimental support. {2} Linguistics has rather different objectives, moreover: to study languages in their entirety and generality, not their use in art forms. Stylistic excellence — intelligence, originality, density and variety of verbal devices — play their part in literature, but aesthetics has long recognized that other aspects are equally important: fidelity to experience, emotional shaping, significant content. Stylistics may well be popular because it regards literature as simply part of language and therefore (neglecting the aesthetic dimension) without a privileged status, which allows the literary canon to be replaced by one more politically or sociologically acceptable. {3} Why then employ stylistics at all? Because form is important in poetry, and stylistics has the largest armoury of analytical weapons. Moreover, stylistics need not be reductive and simplistic. There is no need to embrace Jacobsons theory that poetry is characterized by the projection of the paradigmatic axis onto the syntagmatic one. {4} Nor accept Bradfords theory of a double spiral: {5} literature has too richly varied a history to be fitted into such a straitjacket. Stylistics suggests why certain devices are effective, but does not offer recipes, any more than theories of musical harmony explains away the gifts of individual composers. Some stylistic analysis is to be found in most types of literary criticism, and differences between the traditional, New Criticism and Stylistics approaches are often matters of emphasis. Style is a term of approbation in everyday use (that woman has style, etc.), and may be so for traditional and New Criticism. But where the first would judge a poem by reference to typical work of the period (Jacobean, Romantic, Modernist, etc. ), or according to genre, the New Criticism would probably simply note the conventions, explain what was unclear to a modern audience, and then pass on to a detailed analysis in terms of verbal density, complexity, ambiguity, etc. To the Stylistic critic, however, style means simply how something is expressed, which can be studied in all language, aesthetic and non-aesthetic. {6} Stylistics is a  very technical subject, which hardly makes for engrossing, or indeed uncontentious, {7} reading. The treatment here is very simple: just the bare bones, with some references cited. Under various categories the poem is analyzed in a dry manner, the more salient indications noted, and some recommendations made in Conclusions. Published Examples of Stylistic Literary Criticism G. N. Leechs A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry (1969) Laura Browns Alexander Pope (1985) Roy Lewiss On Reading French Verse: A Study in Poetic Form (1982) George Wrights Shakespeares Metrical Art. (1988) Richard Bradfords A Linguistic History of English Poetry (1993) Poem The Architects But, as youd expect, they are very Impatient, the buildings, having much in them Of the heavy surf of the North Sea, flurrying The grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them With a hoarse roar against the aggregate They are composed of — the cliffs higher of course, More burdensome, underwritten as It were with past days overcast And glinting, obdurate, part of the Silicate of tough lives, distant and intricate As the whirring bureaucrats let in And settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, Awaiting the post and the department meeting — Except that these do not know it, at least do not Seem to, being busy, generally. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost Vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier Of concrete like rib-bones packed above them, And they light-headed with the blue airiness Spinning around, and muzzy, a neuralgia Calling at random like frail relations, a phone Ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, That they become attentive, or we do — these Divisions persisting, indeed what we talk about, We, constructing these webs of buildings which, Caulked like great whales about us, are always. Aware that some trick of the light or weather Will dress them as friends, pleading and flailing — And fill with placid but unbearable melodies Us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass.  © C. John Holcombe 1997 Metre Though apparently iambic, with five stresses to the line, the metre shows many reversals and substitutions. Put at its simplest, with: / representing a strong stress \ representing a weak stress x representing no stress, and trying to fit lines into a pentameters, we have -| /| x| x| x| /| -| \| x| /| x| | But| as| youd| ex| pect| | they| are| ve| ry| x| /| x| x| /| x| /| x| \| x| x| Im| pat| ient| the| build| ings,| hav| ing| much| in| them| x| x| \| x| /| x| x| \| /| /| x x| Of| the| heav| y| surf| of| the| North| Sea,| flurr| ying| x| /| -| /| x| x| /| x| /| x| \| The| grit,| | lift| ing| the| pebbl| es,| fling| ing| them| \| x| /| -| /| x| \| x| /| x| \| With| a| hoarse| | roar| a| gainst| the| agg| re| gate| x| \| x| /| \| x| /| /| x| x| /| They| are| com| posed| of,| the| cliffs| high| er| of| course| \| /| x| \| -| /| x| / | x| \| | More| burd| en| some,| | un| der| writ| ten| as| | x| /| x| /| -| /| -| /| x| /| | It| were| with| past| | days| | o| ver| cast| | x| /| x| \| /| x| \| -| /| x| x| And | glit| ter| ing,| ob| du| rate,| | part| of| the| -| /| x x x| /| -| /| -| /| x x| /| x x| | Sil| icate of| tough| | lives| | dist| ant and| in| tricate| -| \| x| /| x| /| x| \| -| /| x| | As| the| whir| ring| bu| reau| crats| | let| in| x| /| x x| /| x| \| x| /| x| /| x| And | set| tled with| cof| fee| in| the| con| crete| pal| lets| x| /| x x| /| x| \| x| /| x| /| x| A| wait| ing the| post| and| the| de| part| ment| meet| ing| x| \| x| /| \ x | /| x| x| \| /| x| Ex| cept| that| these| do not| know| it, | at| least| do| not| -| /| x| /| x| /| x| /| x| \| x| | Seem| to| be| ing| bus| y| gen| ER| all| y| \| x| /| x x| /| x| \| x| /| x| /| x| So| per| haps| it is| on| ly| on| those| cloud| less| al| most| -| /| x| /| x| \| x| /| x x| \| /| x| | Vac| uumed| af| ter| noons| with| ti| ER u| pon| ti| ER| x| /| x| \| /| /| -| /| x| /| x| | Of| con| Crete| like| rib| bones| | packed| a| bove| them| | x| /| \| /| x| \| x| /| /| x| \| | And | they| light| head| ed,| with| the| blue| air| i| ness| | -| /| x x| /| x| /| x| \| x| /| x x| | | Spin| ning a| round| and| muz| zy,| a| neu| ral| gia| | -| /| x x| /| x x| /| x| /| x x| /| | | Cal| ling at| ran| dom like| frail| re| lat| ions a| phone| | -| /| x x x| /| x| /| x x| /| x| /| x| | Ring| ing in a| dist| ant| of| fice they| can| not| get| to| x| /| x| /| x| /| x x| /| /-| \| | That| they| be| come| at| ten| tive, or| we| do| these| | x| /| x x| /| x x| /| \| x| /| x| /| Di| vis| ions per| sist| ing, in| deed| what| we| talk| a| bout| -| /| x| /| x x| /| x| /| x| \| | | We,| con| struct| ing these| webs| of| build| ings| which| | -| /| x| /| \| /| x| /| x x| /| x| | Caulk| Ed | like| great| whales| a| bout| us are| al| ways| x| /| x x| /| x x| /| x| /| x| | | A| ware| that some| trick| of the| light| or| weath| ER| | | \| /| x x| /| -| /| x x| /| x| | | Will| dress| them as| friends| | plead| ing and| flail| ing| | | x| /| x| /| x| \| x| /| x x| /| x x| And| fill| with| plac| id| but | UN| bear| able | mel| odies| -| /| x| \| -| /| x x x| /| \| /| | | Us | in| deep| | hint| erlands of| in| curved| glass| | Poets learn to trust their senses, but even to the experienced writer these (tedious) exercises can pinpoint what the ear suspects is faulty, suggest where improvements lie, and show how the metre is making for variety, broad consistency, shaping of the argument and emotive appeal. Though other scansions are certainly possible in the lines above, the most striking feature will remain their irregularity. Many lines can only roughly be called pentameters; Lines 16 and 17 are strictly hexameters; and lines 27 and 28 are tetrameters. In fact, the lines do not read like blank verse. The rhythm is not iambic in many areas, but trochaic, and indeed insistently dactylic in lines 9 and 10, 21 and 22 and 28. Line 27 is predominantly anapaestic, and line 3 could (just) be scanned: x x| / x| /| x x \| /| | /| x x | Of the| heavy| surf| of the North| Sea| | flurr| ying| Reflective or meditative verse is generally written in the iambic pentameter, and for good reason — the benefit of past examples, readers expectations, and because the iambic is the closest to everyday speech: flexible, unemphatic, expressing a wide range of social registers. Blank verse for the stage may be very irregular but this, predominantly, is a quiet poem, with the falling rhythms inducing a mood of reflection if not melancholy. What is being attempted? Suppose we set out the argument (refer to rhetorical and other analyses), tabbing and reverse tabbing as the reflections as they seem more or less private: {8} 1. But, as youd expect, 2. they are very impatient, the buildings, 3. having much in them of the heavy surf of the North Sea, 4. flurrying the grit, 5. lifting the pebbles, 6. flinging them with a hoarse roar against the aggregate they are composed of — the 7. cliffs higher of course, more 8. burdensome, 9. underwritten as it were with past days 10. overcast and glinting, 11. obdurate, 12. part of the silicate of tough lives, 13. distant and intricate as 14. the whirring bureaucrats 15. let in and settled with coffee in the concrete pallets, awaiting the post and the department meeting — 16. except that these do not know it, 17. at least do not seem to, being busy, 18. generally. 19. So perhaps it is only on those cloudless, almost vacuumed afternoons with tier upon tier of concrete like rib — bones packed above them, and 20. they light-headed 21. with the blue airiness spinning around, and 22. muzzy, a 23. neuralgia calling at random like 24. frail relations, a 25. phone ringing in a distant office they cannot get to, that 26. They become attentive, 27. or we do — 28. these divisions persisting, 29. indeed what we talk about, 30. we, constructing these webs of buildings which 31. caulked like great whales about us, are 32. always aware that some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends, 33. pleading and flailing — and 34. fill with placid but unbearable melodies 35. us in deep hinterlands of incurved glass. The structure should now be clear. Where Eliot created new forms by stringing together unremarkable pentameters, {8} this poem attempts the reverse: to recast an irregular ode-like structure as pentameters. And not over-successfully: many of the rhythms seemed unduly confined. But once returned to the form of an eighteenth century Pindaric ode, however unfashionable today, the lines regain a structure and integrity. Each starts with a marked stress and then tails away, a feature emphasized by the sound patterns. {9} Sound Patterning To these sound patterns we now turn, adapting the International Phonetic Alphabet to HTML restrictions: 1. But | as | youd | expect | u | a | U | e e | b t | z | y d | ksp kt | 2. They | are | very | impatient | the | buildings | A | a(r) | e E | i A e | e | i i | th | | v r | mp sh nt | th | b ld ngz | 3. Having | much | in | them | of | the | heavy | surf | of | the | North | Sea | a i | u | i | e | o | e | e | e(r) | o | e | aw | E | h v ng | m ch | n | th m | v | th | h v | s f | v | th | n th | s | 4. flurrying | the | grit | u E i | e | i | fl r ng | th | gr t | 5. lifting | the | pebbles | i i | e | e | l ft ng | th | p b lz | 6. flinging | them | with | a | hoarse | roar | against | the | aggregate | they | are | composed | of | i i | e | i | e | aw | aw | e A | e | a E A | A | a(r) | o O | o | fl ng ng | th m | w th | | h s | r | g nst | th | gr g t | th | | k MP zd | v | 7. the | cliffs | higher | of | course | more | e | i | I e | o | aw | aw | th | kl fs | h | v | s | m | 8. burdensome | u(r) e e | b d ns m | 9. underwritten | as | it | were | with | past | days | u e i e | a | i | (e)r | i | a(r) | A | nd r t n | z | t | w | w | p st | d z | 10. overcast | and | glinting | O e(r) a(r) | a | i i | v k St | nd | gl NT ng | 11. obdurate | o U A | bd r t | 12. part | of | the | silicate | of | tough | lives | (a)r | o | e | i i A | o | u | I | p t | f | th | s l k t | v | t f | l vz | 13. distant | and | intricate | i a | a | i i e | d St NT | nd | NT r k t | 14. as | the | whirring | bureaucrats | a | e | e(r) i | U O a | z | th | w r ng | b r kr ts | 15. let | in | and | settled | with | coffee | in | the | concrete | pallets | e | i | a | e ie | i | o E | i | e | o E | a e | l t | n | nd | s tl d | w th | k f | n | th | k Kr t | p l Ts | awaiting | the | post | and | the | department | meeting | e A i | e | O | a | e | E e | E i | w t ng | th | p St | nd | th | d p tm NT | m t ng | 16. except | that | these | do | not | know | it | e e | a | E | U | o | O | i | ks pt | th | th z | d | n t | n | t | 17. at | least | do | not | seem | to | being | busy | a | E | U | o | E | U | E i | i E | t | l St | d | n t | s m | t | b ng | b z /td | 18.generally | e e a E | j nr l | 19. so | perhaps | it | is | only | on | those | cloudless | almost | vacuumed | afternoons | O | e(r) a | i | i | O | o | O | ou e | aw O | a U | a(r) e oo | s | p h ps | t | z | nl | n | th z | kl dl s | lm St | v k md | ft n nz | with | tier | upon | tier | of | concrete | like | rib | bones | packed | above | them | and | i | E e(r) | e o | E e(r) | o | o E | I | i | O | a | e u | e | a | w th | t | p n | t | v | k nkr t | l k | r b | b nz | p Kt | b v | th m | nd | 20. they | light | headed | A | I | e e | th | l t | h d d | 21. with | the | blue | airiness | spinning | around | and | i | e | U | (A)r i e | i i | e ou | a | w th | th | bl | r n s | sp n ng | r nd | nd | 22. muzzy | a | u E | e | m z | | 23. neuralgia | calling | at | random | like | U a E a | aw i | a | a o | I | n r lj | k l ng | t | r nd m | l k | 24. frail | relations | a | A | e A e | e | fr l | r l zh nz | | 25. phone | ringing | in | a | distant | office | they | cannot | get | to | that | O | i i | i | e | i a | o i | A | a o | e | oo | a | | f n | r ng ng | n | | d St NT | f s | th | k n t | g t | t | th | | 26. they | become | attentive | A | E u | a e i | th | b k m | t NT v | 27. or | we | do | aw | E | oo | | w | d | 28. these | divisions | persisting | E | i i e | e(r) i i | th z | d v zh nz | p s St ng | 29. indeed | what | we | talk | about | i E | o | E | aw | e ou | in d | wh t | w | t k | b t | 30. we | constructing | these | webs | of | buildings | which | E | o u i | E | e | o | i i | i | w | k nz str Kt ng | th z | w bs | v | b ld ngz | wh Ch | 31. caulked | like | great | whales | about | us | are | aw | I | A | A | e ou | u | a(r) | k kd | l k | gr t | w lz | b t | s | | 32. always | aware | that | some | trick | of | the | light | or | weather | will | dress | them | as | friends | aw A | e (A)r | a | u | i | o | e | I | aw | e e(r) | i | e | e | a | e | lw z | w | th t | s m | tr k | v | th | l t | | w th | w l | dr s | th m | z | Fr ndz | 33. pleading | and | flailing | E i | a | A i | pl d ng | nd | fl l ng | 34. will | fill | with | placid | but | unbearable | melodies | i | i | i | a i | u | u A(r) a e | e O E | f l | w th | PL s d | b t | n b r b l | m l d z | | 35. us | in | deep | hinterlands | of | incurved | glass | u | i | E | i e a | o | i e(r) | a(r) | s | n | d p | h NT l ndz | v | nk v d | GL s | Sound in poetry is an immensely complicated and contentious subject. Of the seventeen different employments listed by Masson {10} we consider seven: 1. Structural emphasis All sections are structurally emphasized to some extent, but note the use (in decreasing hardness) of * plosive consonants in sections 1, 5, 6, 7, 10-13, 19, 28-50; 31 and 35. * fricative and aspirate consonants in sections 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 19, 25, 28, 32, 35. * liquid and nasal consonants in sections 3, 4, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 31-35. Also: * predominance of front vowels — in all sections but 6, 7, 11, 16, 17, 19 and 31. * predominance of vowels in intermediate positions — only sections 16 and 17 having several high vowels and section 3 low vowels. 2. Tagging of sections Note sections 1, 7, 13 and 15. 3. Indirect support of argument by related echoes * Widely used, most obviously in sections 3-7, 12-13, and 15. 4. Illustrative mime: mouth movements apes expression * Sections 2, 6, 11-13, 19, 31 and 35. 5. Illustrative painting * Sections 3-6, 10-13, 15, 19 and 33. Most sections are closely patterned in consonants. Those which arent (and therefore need attention if consistency is to be maintained) are perhaps 8, 9, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 27. Originally the poem was cast in the form of irregular pentameters. But if this is set aside in favour of the 35 sections listed above, how are these sections to be linked in a self-evident and pleasing form? A little is accomplished by alliteration: * f in sections 3 to 7. * s and t in sections 12 to 15 * w in sections 29 to 32 And also by the predominance of front and intermediate level vowels, but these do not amount to much. Certainly we do not find that the overall shaping of the poem emphasizes the argument or content. Sociolinguistics Language is not a neutral medium but comes with the contexts, ideologies and social intentions of its speakers written in. Words are living entities, things which are constantly being employed and only half taken over: carrying opinions, assertions, beliefs, information, emotions and intentions of others, which we partially accept and modify. In this sense speech is dialogic, has an internal polemic, and Bakhtins insights into the multi-layered nature of language (heteroglossia) can be extended to poetry. {11} Much of Postmodernist writing tries to be very unliterary, incorporating the raw material of everyday speech and writing into its creations. This poem seems rather different, a somewhat remote tone and elevated diction applying throughout. Let us see whats achieved by grouping under the various inflections of the speaking voice. * urgently confidential But, as youd expect, cliffs higher, of course, that they become attentive or we do * obsessively repetitious flurrying the grit, lifting the pebbles, flinging them burdensome, underwritten overcast and glinting, obdurate * over-clever silicate of tough lives  distant and intricate constructing these webs of buildings distracted and/or light-headed except that these do not know it at least do not seem to with the blue airiness spinning around calling at random like frail relations * melancholic and/or reflective some trick of the light or weather will dress them as friends pleading and flailing and fill with placid but unbearable melodies. The exercise hardly provides revelation. Heteroglossia is an interweaving of voices, moreover, not shifts of tone or reference. And yet there is something very odd about the opening line. Why should we expect the buildings to be very impatient? This is more than the orators trick of attracting attention, since the animate nature of buildings and their constituents is referred to throughout the poem. To be more exact, the attitude of the inhabitants — observers, bureaucrats, architects — to the buildings is developed by the poem, and is paralleled by the tone. But why the confidential and repetitious attitude at the beginning. Why should we be buttonholed in this manner? Why the But, which seems to point to an earlier conversation, and the urgency with which that earlier conversation is being refuted or covered up? Because the blame for something is being shifted to the buildings. What error has been committed we do not know, but in mitigation we are shown the effect of the buildings on other inhabitants. Or perhaps we are. In fact the whirring bureaucrats seem to grow out of the fabric of buildings, and we do not really know if the we, constructing these webs of buildings is meant literally or metaphorically. The poems title suggests literally, but perhaps these constructions are only of the mind: sections 17, 20-29, 32 and 34 refer to attitudes rather than actions, and there is an ethereal or otherworldly atmosphere to the later section of the poem. So we return to heteroglossia, which is not simply borrowed voices, but involves an internal polemic, {12} that private dialogue we conduct between our private thoughts and their acceptable public expression. The dialogue is surely here between the brute physicality of a nature made overpoweringly real and the fail brevity of human lives. That physicality is threatening and unnerving. If the we of the later section of the poem is indeed architects then that physicality is harnessed to practical ends. If the constructing is purely mental then the treatment is through attitudes, mindsets, philosophies. But in neither case does it emasculate the energy of the physical world. Architects may leave monuments behind them, but they are also imprisoned in those monuments (us in deep hinterlands) and hearing all the time the homesick voice of their constituents. Conclusions: Suggested Improvements The greatest difficulty lies in the poems structure. An pentameter form has been used to give a superficial unity, but this wrenches the rhythm, obscures the sound patterns and does nothing for the argument. If recast in sections defined by rhythm and sound pattern the form is too irregular to have artistic autonomy. A return could be made to the eighteenth century Pindaric ode in strict metre and rhyme, but would require extensive and skilful rewriting, and probably appear artificial. A prose poem might be the answer, but the rhythms would need to be more fluid and subtly syncopated. Otherwise, blank verse should be attempted, and the metre adjusted accordingly. The internal polemic is a valuable dimension of the poem, but more could be done to make the voices distinct. http://www. textetc. com/criticism/stylistics. html1. On StylisticsIs cognitive stylistics the future of stylistics? To answer this question in the essay that follows, I will briefly discuss Elena Semino and Jonathan Culpeper’s Cognitive Stylistics (2003), Paul Simpson’s Stylistics (2004), and a recent essay by Michael Burke (2005). However, because questions are like trains – one may hide another – any discussion of the future of stylistics raises intractable questions about stylistics itself. French students of stylistics, for example, will come across definitions of the discipline like the following. According to Brigitte Buffard-Moret, â€Å"si les definitions de [la stylistique] – que certains refusent de considerer comme une scien

Analytical Paper The Departed Essay Example for Free

Analytical Paper The Departed Essay The average trip to the theater will indulge the lesser senses, relaxing the mind while also discovering the storyline as the film progresses. When approaching a film with an analytical mindset it is important to have a deeper more developed thought process. Small details within a movie can prove to have extreme importance to the storyline sometimes having multiple meanings. While analytically watching the film The Departed it is apparent that the director Martin Scorsese uses an immense amount of symbolism along with character representation to develop the storyline. The use of animal clothing to represent the alpha male is a use of symbolism within the film that is a reoccurring. Another use of symbolism can be found in the shot of the Massachusetts State Building which entails the desire of a more lawful existence and the shot is also a reoccurring image throughout the film. The question of â€Å"what is loyalty† is a big idea that the director develops with the use of several characters along with meaningful dialogue. In Martin Scorsese’s The Departed the theme of loyalty is expressed along with the symbolism of the state building and animal clothing. In the film The Departed Matt Damon’s character Collin Sullivan infiltrates the Massachusetts State Police department as a detective who is secretly working as an informant for the Irish Mob lead by Frank Costello who is played by Jack Nicolson. Meanwhile Leonardo Dicaprio’s character Billy Costigan is placed in an undercover position within Frank Costello’s crime ring. The two informants are placed in a state of confusion as to their true identity when they become consumed with their double lives. The challenge of uncovering the identity of each other is introduced when both parties, the Police Department and the Irish Mob discover that there is a mole inside their units. Both characters reach a tragic end once their identity is reviled. Throughout the film The Departed the Irish Mob leader Frank Costello is viewed as a dominant character. This idea arises from the ruthlessness that Frank demonstrates in his criminal lifestyle. Committing multiple murders which were done in an extremely horrid manner gives supporting evidence of Frank’s dominance. Having multiple people operating under him shows that he is the leader in that he does not ask for respect he demands it. Like the lion, Frank is the king of his concrete jungle. He has a hand in every criminal occurrence and knows of everything going on in the community around him. If any person in the community rivals Frank in any way he eliminates the threat by any means, keeping him in the highest position of power. People seem to fear Frank for the threat of what he is capable of doing so if he is not respected or disobeyed in any way then severe consequences will result. Martin Scorsese takes certain scenes in which it is important for Frank to be feared and uses underlying symbolism to develop his ideas. â€Å"I’m not the cops I’m not asking†. The first scene in which animal clothing is used to show Frank dominant position is his first meeting with Billy Costigan. Frank talks down to Costigan in this scene exerting his dominance and at one point beating him repeatedly in his broken hand asking several times if Costigan is a cop. Frank uses certain dialogue to show his position of high power giving evidence that he is the king of his concrete jungle. Another scene in which Frank is shown wearing animal clothing is the scene in which Billy Costigan is meeting with Frank inside his condominium on the harbor. The true ruthlessness of Frank is yet again shown when he pulls the hand of a recently assassinated protestant man from a plastic bag. Frank then looks to Billy and says â€Å"a man can look at anything and make something out of it. For instance, I look at you and I think what can I use you for?† This entails that Frank does not truly care about Billy and that he is just another tool for Frank to use to achieve success. In this scene several responses occur, one is that Frank is a dominant tactician. An additional response comes through the symbolism of the animal clothing. This response is that Frank has an apparent disregard for human life. There is a moral obligation of people in a normal society to avoid harming one another. In the animal kingdom survival of the fittest is the law in which the animals abide by throughout daily life. Frank defies the normality of typical humans in that he has no moral obligations to take care of anyone. He eliminates anyone who interferes with his business or anyone who stands between him and accomplishing his goals. Like the lion Frank understands that if killing is the only option to keep him alive or out of jail then he will go to any end to preserve his way of life and better himself. He does what it takes to survive living life with a ruthless strong animal like persona. This idea is clearly represented throughout The Departed in which Martin Scorsese uses the symbolism of animal clothing to revel Frank’s true ruthlessness and attitude towards humans. Frank gives reason to believe that a person is only as good as what they can do for him. He is constantly setting people up to take falls for his crimes disregarding their lives family and friends. Frank’s complete disregard for the sanctity of life shows that he is a true animal in which Martin Scorsese portrays perfectly in The Departed. Without the aid of small symbolism within The Departed it would be much harder to distinguish characters true identity and intentions. The true intentions of Collin Sullivan or Detective Sullivan are most prevalent in the instances in which he is engulfed and mesmerized by the shots of the Massachusetts State Building. Collin desires to escape his criminal lifestyle by achieving success as a lawyer. He also desires to be a high-class citizen and to make something of himself unlike his father. Whenever placed in situations of trouble a shot of the Massachusetts State Building is shown it is evident that this is another use of symbolism by director Martin Scorsese. During the opening scenes of The Departed it is shown through the director’s choice of shot along with meaningful dialogue that Collin Sullivan desires to achieve greatness outside of the criminal realm. While sitting on a park bench Barrigan, Sullivan’s coworker says to Sullivan as he gazes in awe at the sight of the State Building â€Å"What are you looking at? Forget it. Your father was a janitor, and his son’s only a cop†. This first scene of the State Building opens a door to view Collin’s internal desire to have a more distinguished lawful existence rather than that of a rat lacking honor and integrity. As the film progresses it is shown through Collin’s dialogue that he is attending law school showing that he has ambitions to someday become a lawyer or politician leaving his current position which lacks honor behind. While being shown an apartment Collin is once again caught in a trance peering through his soon to be apartment window at the State Building. The realtor then makes the remarks â€Å"You move in your upper class by Tuesday†. This once again exemplifies the desires of Collin to become a person of class or someone who is respected and held in high regards by others. In the concluding scenes after the films climax which included the deaths of Costello, Costigan, and Queenan Sullivan enters his apartment to find Detective Dignam waiting to assassinate him. As Sullivan falls to the apartment floor the ever-present symbolism of the State Building is shown again. While Sullivan’s life ended in a tragic manner it is evident through the symbolism that he desired and could have achieved a lawful existence. If placed in a different environment at a young age Collin could have possibly become a great law enforcement official rather than a criminal.

Reflection on Food Waste

Reflection on Food Waste As a part time employee in a grocery store during my early high school days, I witnessed on a regular basis that at the end of each day a large quantity of baked goods and perishable food items which had reached their shelf life were carted to the garbage compactor. At the same time at the stores front entrance there were a couple of aged and homeless people begging for alms in order to buy their daily meal. I wondered at the time as to why the discarded food could not instead be distributed to those in dire need of it waiting just outside. As I continued with my studies in university I realized that the same scenario was and is still being played out on a global scale where food does not reach the people who need it the most; but for different reasons. While in the case of the hungry outside the grocery store, the action may have been necessary to prevent pandemonium and inconvenience for the staff. However globally, human hunger and starvation is caused by food shortages resulting from environmental degradation, rapid population growth, questionable technology and current economic models. Through the Holy Bible, the basis of my faith, I know that God has given all human beings dominion over the earth and all its creatures but for our own selfish purpose we tend to interpret the facility granted to us as permission to unbridled mastery over nature. We ought to remember that being given dominion over the earth merely makes us custodians of His creation. Gerald Barney, a scientist aptly stated that, for the first time in the history of Creation, the life support systems of the planet earth are being destroyed by human activities. Throughout history humans have caused locally significant damage to the environment, but never before have human numbers and actions combined to threaten the integrity of the entire planet.[1] In light of this shocking reality there is an ever increasing need for the implementation of a just and sustainable global food system to prevent humanity from crises, for hunger and malnutrition are responsible for more deaths today than any known disease . Each and every human being must be responsible participants in the reduction of global climate change which has caused major environmental disasters. Floods and droughts are known to be the main causes of worldwide food shortages and famines. Since my childhood I was always taught not to waste food and not to eat as if there was no tomorrow. I realize the wisdom in that teaching as there is not only an environmental cost of getting food on the table but it also leaves a detrimental footprint on nature in the form of global warming, pollution, destruction of the eco system, degradation of arable land and fresh water supply. Unlike the aboriginal peoples of our land who treated the earth and nature as sacred using it strictly for basic living needs, in our society as a whole we conceive of the land in terms of ownership and use. It is a lifeless medium of exchange.[2] How do we cultivate a way of life that does not violate the integrity of creation? Will we use the knowledge, be ready to use every effort and continue in our perseverance to prevent further damage to the environment and replenish the arable lands that now lie wasted? The answer is in the hands of each and every human being. Just as each member of a family is responsible for the maintenance and protection of their home, we as a global family must adopt the same attitude caring for our planetary home, we call Earth. While environmental degradation may be the indirect result of our actions, we humans are directly in control of the size of our families and the global population at large, however controversial the methods employed may be. Can the rate of the worlds staple crop production keep feeding the hungry on this earth? Both my parents came from large families in India and with the modest incomes both sets of grandparents earned; they were able to nourish their children. Basic fruits and vegetables were home grown and staple grain was locally produced or easily available. Hunger and malnutrition, I was told was minimal in those times. Presently, in the land of my ancestors, having large families is still considered a blessing from God in spite of widespread poverty, malnutrition and hunger; a human crises that is rising exponentially. They were fruitful and prolific; they multiplied and grew exceedingly strong, so the land was filled with them.[3] The land is said to be full when the food sup ply is inadequate and the environment is deteriorating. It is also known that a full environment is a dynamic concept depending on the application of human wisdom and knowledge.[4] The same Creator who declares children are a reward is also displeased when overpopulation causes destruction of His handiwork. Do we have the wisdom and the knowledge to offer proper advice for human reproduction? If so, will we be able to ensure the present global population and guarantee future generations an abundance of what creation has to offer? If we fail to find positive answers to the issue of overpopulation, the global food shortage will create chaos in poor nations further causing these failed states to export diseases and refugees. The earth does not contain resources to feed the hungry indefinitely for this will cause global grain shortage which in turn would raise prices and put food out of reach of even more people. In our quest for the growing demand of food worldwide, we must do all within our power to make agriculture as productive as possible. As a student of commerce and economics I am aware that less land is required for farming if production is maximized per acre leaving more land to be left in its wild and natural state. Biotechnology through genetic engineering of seeds has been a boom to agriculture by increasing the yield of crops, using less water and pesticides, creating less stress on our fragile land and producing grain of a higher nutritional value. However the use of biotechnology is a sharply divided issue because it also gives humans the right to claim a patent on life form which is an ethical concern. Are we trying to play God? Needless to say the very success of natural science has bred an attitude which has allowed for the exploitation and domination of the natural world in complete disregard to the social and ecological consequences.[5] Firms try to maximize profits where the marginal cost of production equals the marginal benefit derived from the produce. However, this current economic model, in my opinion, is flawed as it does not include the implicit cost of environmental degradation caused through the use of pesticides or improper crop rotation that is incurred in the production of food. Essentially, companies in the food biotech industry only seem to care about maximizing their profits regardless of how it affects the environment or humans that depend on food for survival. It is very disturbing to hear that food biotech companies purchase some of the crops from third world countries in order to genetically modify the seed only to sell it back at prices that are at a very high premium.A biotech company in the U.S. bought coffee beans from Brazil in order to genetically modify them so that they would be more weather-resistant to climate changes in Brazil that threatened future crops. However, when it came time to selling these genetically modifi ed beans back to Brazil, this same biotech firm marked up the price to the extent that Brazil was unable to afford it. Developing countries should not be subjected to this unethical practice carried out by such firms. Therefore, in my opinion, in order to build a sustainable future for people, a new earth economic model needs to be developed, one that aligns the economy with ethics and the environment. Will future life and production be controlled through biotechnology and selfish economic considerations? To counter any advancement that technology has made to benefit human food security, staple grains are now being grown to produce bio-fuels. According to the teachings of my faith, do not, for the sake of food, destroy the work of God. Everything is indeed clean, but it is wrong for you to make others fall by what you eat.[6] It would prick my conscience to realize that in order to drive my car across Canada it would require an acre of corn if not more; grain that could have been used to feed so many hungry and malnourished people in this world. The need for the development of alternate fuels is no doubt an urgent issue but it should not be at the cost of seeing our very own species placed in dire straits; an ethical irresponsibility. The last third of the twentieth century witnessed an unprecedented shift in the Human-Earth relationship; the Third Mediation as Thomas Berry termed it. Human impact now threatens Earths capacity to regenerate life as we know it and love it. Despite our basic dependence for survival on this planet, we continue to damage it through environmental degradation, overpopulation, massive use of technology and economic greed. If we are to achieve a globally just and sustainable food system, we have to learn to live in a way that does not outstrip natures capacity to regenerate itself on its own time cycles and terms. Further we should avoid forcing changes in natural systems themselves, changes that are at times even difficult for adaptable species to accept. Endnotes Rasmussen, Larry. Toward an Earth Charter. Religion Online. The Christian Century Foundation, 23 Oct. 1991. Web. 14 May 2010. . N. Scott Momaday, A First American Views His Land, National Geographic Magazine (July 1976), 18. Meeks, Wayne A. Exodus. HarperCollins Study Bible: New Revised Standard Version (with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books). Student ed. SanFrancisco: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1994. 79. Print. Fick, Gary W. Ecology in the Bible. Food, Farming, and Faith (S U N Y Series on Religion and the Environment). Albany, New York: State University Of New York Press, 2008. 37. Print. Gorringe, Timothy. Playing God. Harvest: Food, Farming and the Churches. London: SPCK, 2006. 117. Print. Meeks, Wayne A. Romans. HarperCollins Study Bible: New Revised Standard Version (with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books). Student ed. SanFrancisco: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1994. 2135. Print.

Till Death Do Us Part :: essays research papers

The status quo of marriage in American society, in some cases, is a moderately complicated issue. I do know, however, that before the marriage takes place there is an interlude called the dating period. In this dating period the two members of the couple attempt to get to know one another. This is the period where many people fall in love. This is also the period where many people realize that they are with the wrong person and have to start over with someone new. The dating process, which lasts for a sporadic interval of time, ends when one person in the couple offers a marriage proposal to the other. This agreement to marriage is a sacred bond of love and trust that proves to one's significant other that one will enter into an exclusive relationship with that person until they are parted by death. If the marriage proposal is accepted, the couple is pronounced engaged, or betrothed to one another, and they set a marriage date. During the engagement the couple exchanges rings as a sign of devotion. Once the wedding date reaches its destination, the couple then performs the marriage ceremony, which is a gathering of close friends and family to witness the marriage. This ceremony is performed in a church at the hand of a priest who then pronounces the marriage as holy matrimony. During the wedding ceremony there is another exchange of rings that show a symbol of the couples undying love for each other. After the wedding, the couple usually takes a trip called the honeymoon where they consummate the marriage by making love. This process is the norm for how people are married in American society. The problem with this system is that most people enter into the marriage for the wrong reasons and end up getting a divorce. A divorce is a legal dissolution of a marriage contract. The problem with divorce is that the marriage is supposed to be a contract that is supposed to last until someone in the couple dies; only then is the sacred vow broken. Otherwise, the couple is going against God's will. Defying God is not the only detrimental effect, however. More marriages in the United States end in divorce than in any other country in the world, and it can be seen throughout America's history. There is consensus that the overall U.S. divorce rate had a brief spurt after World War II followed by a decline. It started rising again in the 1960's and even more quickly in the 1970's, but leveled off in the 1980's only to begin a fluctuating increase that has lasted to the present. It is said that 40 or possibly even 50% of marriages will end in divorce if the current trends continue. Divorce would not be such a terrible thing

Winter Dreams Essay -- essays research papers

Fitzgerald Essay- Prompt 5 Money may be able to buy ones happiness but not necessarily satisfaction in life. Fitzgerald's characters in â€Å"Winter Dreams† and Great Gatsby had money, but not satisfaction throughout their life. One can have satisfying materials, do satisfying things, and obtain satisfying qualities. Characters in â€Å"Winter Dreams† and Three of the most satisfying materials that a person could own is a home, money, and a car. At least one of these items is essential for a person no matter where they live. The home is the most satisfying material that a person could own. A home is a place that one can go to rest, eat, and just live. A home provides memories and a place for a family to grow. A home satisfies people with protection, an investment, security, safety, and privacy. The home is definitely a key item of satisfying materials. Another satisfying material that a person could own is money. Money is something that is very important to possess. Owning money can satisfy a person’s hunger, shelter, and just everything it takes for that person to live. A person would not be satisfied if they did not own any money. They would be depressed and have to live on the streets. Money alone cannot satisfy a person on a whole but it brings together the whole term of satisfaction. The last item that is satisfying is a c ar. A car is something that can satisfy ones need to get around. It is important to use to get to work, school, and places to far to venture on foot. A car is a machine with great power and can also satisfy one with air conditioning on a hot day. It can satisfy a person with ride to ones favorite place such as the beach. A home, money, and a car are all materials that a person can own to satisfy them. Not only can materials satisfy a person but so can activities such as sports, relaxing, and sleeping. Playing sports can satisfy a persons body and mind. Participating in sports keeps one in shape satisfying their heart and health. Also it can satisfy a persons stress level by focusing on the activity. Sometimes not playing sports but just relaxing can be satisfying. Relaxing and not working can give a person time to think, breathe, and their body to recuperate. Relaxing is a very satisfying activity. Another activity that is satisfying is sleeping. Curling up under the covers, closing ones eyes, and just clearing the mind is something very ... ...o was playing at that moment had been gay and new five years before when Dexter was a sophomore at college. They had played it at a prom once when he could not afford the luxury of proms, and he had stood outside the gymnasium and listened. The sound of the tune precipitated in him a sort of ecstasy and it was with that ecstasy he viewed what happened to him now. It was a mood of intense appreciation, a sense that, for once, he was magnificently attune to life and that everything about him was radiating a brightness and a glamour he might never know again.† Dexter would agree that being loving is a quality that gives one satisfaction. He felt this satisfaction when he was with Judy on her boat. â€Å"His heart turned over like the fly-wheel of the boat, and, for the second time, her casual whim gave a new direction to his life.† Dexter was in love with Judy and he saw that Judy was never honest to him. He didn’t mind that Judy was never honest, â€Å"When she assured him that she had not kissed the other man, he knew she was lying--yet he was glad that she had taken the trouble to lie to him.† Finally he wouldn’t agree that honesty is satisfying because he was just satisfied with a lie.

The Scarlet Letter 10 :: essays research papers

'Among many morals which press upon us from the poor minister's miserable experience, we put only this into a sentence: Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!';(Ch.24: 236) Hawthorne expresses the purpose of writing this novel in that short sentence. He creates characters who have sin and disguise these sins for their own salvation. Slowly these sins evolve the characters, it strengthens Hester, humanizes Dimmesdale, and turns Chillingworth into a demon. The story is Hawthorne's depiction of the effects of sin on the hearts and minds of humanity during the Puritan society through the characters Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. Hester's sin is that her passion and love were of more importance to her than the Puritan moral code, but she learns the error of her ways and slowly regains the adoration of the community. For instance, 'What we did had a consecration of its own. We felt it so! We said so to each other! Hast thou forgotten it?';(Ch.17: 179). Hester fully acknowledges her guilt and displays it with pride to the world. This was obvious by the way she displays the scarlet letter with elaborate designs showing that she is proud. Furthermore, she does not want to live a life of lies anymore when she states 'forgive me! In all things else, I have striven to be true! Truth was the one virtue which I might have held fast, and did hold fast, through all extremity save when thy good--the life--they fame--were put in question! Then I consented a deception. But a lie is never good, even though death threaten the other side!';(Ch.17: 177). Hester learns from her sin, and grows strong, a direct result from her pu nishment. The scarlet letter 'A' was as if a blessing to Hester changing her into an honest person with good virtues. Fittingly, she chooses to stay in Boston with Pearl although Hawthorne admits, ';…that this woman should still call that place her home, where, and where only, she must needs be the type of shame';(Ch.5: 73). She is trying to stay and face her consequences instead of running in the other direction. Most people would leave a town where they are looked upon as trash the scum of society. Finally, the colonists come to think of the scarlet letter as '…the cross on a nun's bosom';(Ch.

Global effects Essay

Easier to communicate throughout the boundaries Easier to travel Cultural interchange International Trade Better and cheaper products Improvement of new technologies The cheaper products increases the purchase power The transport of the products is easier and faster Globalization creates a political and an economical union, which facilitates the agreement between the countries Delocalization creates unemployment in developed countries Non-controlled circulation of money (free market)Â  no ethics. The businessmen and the big companies are the only winners in globalization Exploitation of the workers in the developing countries incl. children Money problems can easily be spread The mix of cultures can lead to racism, xenophobia, intolerance and loss of national identity Small companies have to go out of business because they cant compete with the multinationals As a result the gap between the poor and the rich people increases 2 In which world you will live in 15 years Our motto Join our forces in the European Union! Positive opinions No more borders. We can pass freely Cheaper, faster and easier transport. The communication there will be faster and cheaper too People will know more about others their languages, culture and habits Thanks to European Parliament guaranteed common laws and human rights for each country Europe will have created their common social system with common guaranteed minimal wage, so that we can mitigate a part of the injustice created the different live standards in every european country Negative opinions There will be more discriminations, because the mix of cultures will increase and people are afraid of what they dont know Every country could lose own cultural identity, habits and traditions Our future depends on us and on our politicians. Without the support of the politicians we cant create a positive future. 3 GLOBALIZATION What can we do as citizens to make the world a better place DAILY BEHAVIOR POLITICAL ACTIONS Making sure people get informed also in alternative ways and taking this information critical The EU have to make sure there are clean water supplies for everybody The EU can try to donate not only money, but also tools which should be directly given to the countries in need Improve education Reduce emission of co2 Promote integration of immigrants Buy guaranteed organic products Try to buy fair trade products whenever possible Recycle everything possible Use cleaner fuels Help the third world as much as possible Dont hesitate to take every opportunity possible to meet new people from different cultures Dont overuse natural resources 4 The role of the EU and globalization Strong countries have to help weak countries. The EU should counter-balance the USA and other emerging global powers The EU has a big responsibility being a model to other countries. The EU has to promote cultural equality, but preserving our identity. The EU can promote our intercultural exchanges. The union makes the force. The EU must globalize Human Rights. The EU must preserve the peace. The EU has to protect the jobs of the EU citizens. The EU must control pollution made by big companies 1. International Business Globalization By Mukesh Mishra Kathmandu, Nepal 2. Topics for the discussion Introduction Agent/Facilitator of Globalization Positive effects of Globalization Negative effects of Globalization 3. Globalizaion Integration of National economies with international Economy. The closer integration of the economies of the world as a result of the reduction of transportation and communication costs and the reduction of manmade barriers to the movements of goods, services and capital throughout the world. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. 4. Globalizaion Globalization of Market refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Falling barriers to cross- border trade have made it easier to sell internationally. Globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, land and capital ) 5. Globalization Advocates of Globalization see not only the increases in incomes but also the spread of democratic values. Opponents of the globalization worry not just about the loss of jobs but about loss of local culture. 6. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization World Trade Organization (WTO) Rule based international Organization deals with free and fair trade among member nations. Currently, there are 153 members in WTO Established in 1995, successor of General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) GATT was formed in 1947. 7. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization United Nations (UN)- Although the UN is perhaps best known for its peacekeeping role, one of the organization’s central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development all issues that are central to the creation of a vibrant global economy. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization World Bank World Bank is taken as a lending institution, development agency, think tank, forum for international governmental politics and economic diplomacy. Formed in 1944 as International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). From 1970’s bank started the process called ‘Structural Adjustment’ program, under which infrastructure, telecommunications and some social services are privatized, labour, the civil service and judiciary are revamped. Other facets are lowering deficits and tariff barrier, opening the economy to short term capital flows. In return IMF and World Bank provides assistance to the economies. It offers highly leveraged loan to poor countries. 9. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization International Monetary fund (IMF) Its an organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments. Designer of Structural Adjustment Program. IMF is often seen as the lender of last resort to nation state whose economies are in turmoil and currencies are losing value against those of other nations 10. Agent/Facilitator of Globalization Regional Economic Integration Free Trade Area (FTA)- A free trade area occurs when a group of countries agree to eliminate tariffs between themselves but maintain their own external tariff on imports from the rest of the world. The north American free trade area (NAFTA), South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) are FTA’s. A regional Economic integration agreement is the next step to Regional Economic Agreement (RTA), it can include the free movement of capital as well as goods and services, a common currency and a common economic policy. European Union. 11. Effects of Globalization Industrial- Movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. International Trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. Financial- It is the world where $1. 2 billion in foreign exchange transactions are made everyday. Current economic crisis is the example of financial integration Economic- Four Indians were among the world’s top 10 richest in 2008, worth a combined $160 billion. In 2007, China had 415,000 millionaires and India 123,000. 300 million Indians lifted up from poverty during 1991 to 2008. On the global scale, health becomes a commodity. In developing nations under the demands of Structural Adjustment Programs, health systems are fragmented and privatized Political- China and India are emerging as a political power. Their rapid economic growth provided them space in global arena. The most popular language is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329 million speakers) and English (328 million speakers). About 35% of the world’s mail, telexes, and cables are in English. Approximately 40% of the world’s radio programs are in English. About 50% of all Internet traffic uses English. 13. Effects of Globalization WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any one time, in 2008. The IOM estimates there are more than 200 million migrants around the world today. Newly available data show that remittance flows to developing countries reached $328 billion in 2008. Around 2. 5 millions people are working abroad. Remittance inflow per year is around 209 bn. 14. Effects of Globalization Farmers are loosing market due to cheaper (subsidized) products coming from outside, mainly in developing nations Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in inhumane conditions. Job insecurity, Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and consequently lower standards of living. 15. Effects of Globalization Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution The benefits of globalization is not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming poorer. 20 percent of rich people utilizing 80 percent of resources. 16. Effects of Globalization Poorer countries suffering disadvantages : The main export of poorer countries is usually agricultural goods. Larger countries often subsidies their farmers (like the EU Common Agricultural Policy), which lowers the market price for the poor farmer’s crops compared to what it would be under free trade.