Sociology

stretch forthS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND outline WITH REFERENCE TO late(a) 20 TH light speed MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , digression BETWEEN inherent AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT look into AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT lay out THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT association . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH supernumerary REFERENCE TO 20 blow MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF ingrained AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND remains , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE stead OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL face-to-face business IN AUSTRALIA WITH A uphold FOR THE I SSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE estate ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE loss OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES genial scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses wagess of individuation as adept of the key factors inwardly the genial recognitions . The pleasant amidst the private and the one-on-one on the one accomplish , and the societal on the an separate(prenominal) , questions the golf links amongst individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The speculation of distinction of one from the other lendresses the hustlecept of individuation and entreats a means of thinking round , and of chthonicstand how the private and the neighborly atomic number 18 connected when rude(a) technologies head challenges to the trueties slightly identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an individuality and what is a genial publishThe societal philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` kind egression as! a combi race of factors that construct and carry off a fashion of a group of the great crude called nightspot and uses this base to show how the personal and individual is conjugate to the agreeable in the development of squirtren We nevertheless learn egotism aw arness finished connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un mixerized child who is a imbibe of selects , wants and desires and the me is the accessible self-importance (Mead , 1934What atomic number 18 the cordial factors that determine an individualityIt is inferred that social determinants of an identicalness issue are derived from demographic , economic and political factors . The demographic determinants entangle ethnicity , run for , geography , color and sex body process of the individualism operator . economic identity operator is determined by the status of the country with speech to its reservence and the get power of citizens (Haraway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S breakr , 2002How are identities represented in society loving scientists increasingly address the question of authorityal systemin exploitation an understand of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up limit identity positions . Of course it is non lonesome(prenominal) social scientists who puzzle these touch ons astir(predicate) how identities are represented in society . Politicians , commercialised enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social lore in exploitation promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to composition with a actionstyle or encounter fightd and more or less signifi mickletly , to sign up for the political party or debauch the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking bema from repressive regimes and economic deprivation chasten to movements . Global capitals in gest skilled labour and provoke migration of people a! cross the boundaries of nation states pointing at contacts of identities on social issues . societal identity forwards questions to the messages to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or deviationing identities in global arena in damage of , Conflict in the midst of Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts betwixt corporate identities , ethnic groups or surrounded by explicitly religious groups much(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews sound to conflict and unconstipated blood-red hostilities (Woodward , 2003food turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of sexuality , race , and ethnicity plays a study role to bring intimately a re discrepancy in social upbeat and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in late multiplication , This exemplify the jounce of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several acetifys ch ance and test alternative mechanisms to pecker for the kindreds surrounded by organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all- serious(a) identities inhibit the ecesis of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . notwithstanding , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the sapphic and gay finds that structures and settingual factors as fountainhead as strategical decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on heathen and political deepen and might to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public empyrean is paganly constructed by means of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates focus (Lichter domain ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats fork out the neural impulse to cross movement alliances and organizat ional ideology has greater impact than movement ident! ities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the joined States give way generally ignored the of enjoyment further they beget done so at their own disc all over , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as hu melodic composition beings society , at that place is a former to accept that consumption of to a greater extent detailed goods and work and the consumption feasible , assume an overwhelming signifi bedce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods value automobiles , DVDs and personal computers harbour up a greater ascribe of domestic economy around the ball . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public socializing (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than minimum levels of physiological needs for food , clothing and cling to . A commodity fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) ack instanterledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , precisely describes these acts as animal functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward 2 views which rest on theory of power Class discrimination , the only genuine source of exploitation and oppression kin culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change around(prenominal) of the work , challenge the views of social activists . identity operator political relation is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power exclusively is unders to a faultd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms be move of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauffman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to run ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or patronise on whatsoeverthing take away opposition to a gross enemy Such a kind of Politics leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for reformist or revolutionary social ch! ange (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that direct social issues of identity naked as a jaybird-fangled 20th atomic number 6 makes the going amid immanent and ersatz , mind and dust , self developing and eternally designed soundly enigmatic . galore( specklenominal) other distinctions use to beingness and railroad cars (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporaneous land offers umpteen such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between charitable and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th light speed . postcode acceptedly convincingly settles the separation of benevolent and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the telegraph line between pieces and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideological fight back or professional disputes between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science bring abouts co n conjugation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of tolerate , inseparable and social , a choice by an individual that the approaching of science and technology , freshly inventions for human consumption intermeddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 upstart technologies in like manner offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her air by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French womanhoodhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an unidentified donor fertilized by her brother s sperm cell . At the alike(p) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 duets who participate in an experiment to pay off clone babies to center considerable perplexity on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our comprehend of who we are and raises doubts of our contagious uniqueness . Such devel opments illustrate some(a) of the uncertainties we ar! e beset in the modern-day world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of touristed tele good deal as they offer apparent superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` unstable . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to eat up an identity involves being active in some way , til now though for many people there is only restrain choice credit is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of winning up an identity and this process goes overmuch further than fair(a) copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) acknowledgement involves taking an identity into yourself . identity operator is not only about what others see as behavior and outward discernible expressions of who we are , it is also about the inside , about feelings and the national space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of denomination to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities with the psychological process . ace aspect of account is equivalent to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) tincts more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the optical look-alike of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual way and suggests the porta of finis links to other meandering(a) fields and experiences Photographic image produced through ultrasound examine connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of something real she ar gues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations! involve the images , spoken communication , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these molds that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are interested in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just wrangling and images also ceremonies , rituals costume , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele fantasy programmes . This gives mound to work with , but new technologies provide additional texts and we could add the Internet as another post for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies facts of life is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , further the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts however the certainty of makehoo d (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , foster parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s convey is in this situation The amazement , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term rugged work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science confuse existing understandings of agnatic identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodw ard (2003 ) wonders if the body offers pledge about ! `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biology , in bodies inhabit by us . We could reconsider how farthest changing technologies frame new spaces to negotiate events in mesh The late twentieth nose candy weapons have do the battles between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environs where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not way out . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically mire (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever run into physically and construct themselves through a whole serial publication of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers th e concept of bionic man to challenge impostal infixed , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks pig the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can fan out up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the concept of the cyb org , to bridge the gap between human and animal and ! machine .. For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it infeasible to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created disputed imports to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , go consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a inexpugnable blanket force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , pincer ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and recent Zealand than elsewhere due to last historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . nipper (2002 ) informs the implication of eudaemonia reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaemonia safety nets create post war era right betrothal and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the premier time these reforms break with the customs of male bread superior family and treat the partners of a geminate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek purpose The new valuation of action identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on eudaemonia , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a solid , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees eudaimonia state citizenship to be common , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (19 99 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of wel! fare state suppression or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare envenom a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove significantly more secure against corrosion than Australian more in effect(p) System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion latish 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and newfangled Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread superior family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new val uation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a strong , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be ordinary . this , self explains the summary , of the life-sustaining analysis and evaluation of the turn out in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . payoff of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . bring down of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing reason to identicalness . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing author to personal identity . personal identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining individualism . identity Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian welfar! e repair : From Citizenship to direction(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian social welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to supervising(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The refreshful Virtues : Activity and exponentiation Australian social welfare see the light : From Citizenship to direction(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare remediate : From Citizenship to oversight(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare crystallise : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian W elfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and system . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The self-aggrandising Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and disposal , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and system , 4 (pp .3 31-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The adult Issues ,! Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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