Mezzo Cammin Analysis Essay

Mezzo Cammin is an insightful poem by hydrogen Wadsworth Longfellow. It was a poem that was written halfway through Longfellows aweer and titled as such. It follows the aliveness of a affection aged piece who is basically whining ab break all the things he missed out on in the past. This title comes from the first line of Dantes divine japery which is translated to Midway upon the journey of our life. Society looks at their past as if I could have done this in my past, I missed out on this and that. Longfellow shows that people felt like that in 1842. He uses contrary poetic techniques to get this opinion across. When he says I have let the years slip from me it sounds like his past self didnt care much about(predicate) the present and focused more on the future.In the beside line he actually remembers the aspirations he had, no division how inconceivable and impossible they are. What holds him from completing these tasks even now, he describes as a sorrow and a care that almost killed. Sorrow usually doesnt hold people back from things that they wanted to do in their past, we beat to see separation of him from society, a slight oddity in him. The next line uses lots of imagery and shows us that he looks at life like a hill. One side has his gloomy city. This city has deuce different feelings about it, one is a mellow and slight knowing feeling, quite dull. The other feeling is that of work, and bustling cities. A waterfall of oddment is on the other side, descending from the sky. He stands at the exact middle of the two.The speaker behind this poem has a huge ego. He has non cared once about anyone else besides himself and his future. This might contribute to his careless bearing in the past, he has no exertion to do anything because none of the big(a) things to do affected him beneficially. He might of also had no drive because of the things he inspired to be were too outrageous and he didnt want to put himself under the intensive work to become the next prime minister or supreme leader. Again his ego coming into play, all about him.This whining man is very clear about his outlook on life. Longfellow shows how much this mans ego/ shillyshally has put him in the emotional gutters. He also gives a fair blunt approach to life. You work, you regret, you die.

The Effect of Neurotransmission on Human Behavior

1. 2 Using ane or more examples, pardon effects of neurotransmission on merciful demeanor Our nervous systems consist of between 10 to 100 billion neurons separately of which making 13 trillion connections with each other through electrochemical messages that allow people to respond to stimuli, from the environment or from internal changes in a persons body. The neurons send these electrochemical messages through neurotransmission.Electrical impulses travelling down the axon (body) of a neuron, instigates the release of neurotransmitters, which travel over the synapse, which is the break of serve between two neurons. Once the neurotransmitters cross the synapse, they go into receptor internet sites on the post-synaptic membrane of a neuron, and aft(prenominal) having passed on the message, they are either disquieted down or reabsorbed by the terminal buttons of the neuron, in a act known as reuptake. Neurotransmission has been shown to affect a large range of human behavi ours.Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that effects sleep, arousal levels, and emotion. In a 1999 study at Tokyo University, its effects were seen. Kasamatsu and Hirai conducted this study in order to examine the charge that sensory deprivations affects the brain. They studied a group of monks going on a 72-hour pilgrimage without food or water. The monks endured the weather without shelter from the cold, and didnt declaim among themselves. Two thirds of the way through the pilgrimage, the hallucinations began, taking the shape of ancient ancestors, or just a presence at their side.Blood samples, taken immediately after the monks reported their hallucinations, were compared to blood samples taken prior to the pilgrimage, and showed change magnitude serotonin levels. These increased serotonin levels activated the hypothalamus and the frontal cortex, causing the monks hallucinations. Kasamatsu and Hirai were competent to conclude that sensory deprivation caused increase in serotonin levels, which adapted the monks perception and behavior. Neurotransmitters, like serotonin, notify play a large character reference in human behavior.However, it is considered reductionist to rely solely on them to explain human behavior they only play a role and cant be held fully responsible for behavior. Research and increased intimacy of neurotransmission has led to the development of drugs that can either simulate a neurotransmitter in the case of a deficiency, or block a receptor site if there are excessive neurotransmitters. Understanding how neurotransmitters can affect behavior has led to the development of these drugs, which have helped many people.

Problems of Population

Pollution is today, probably, the greatest fuss that faces gentlemans gentleman. There is a give tongue toing in English that it is an ill bird that gags its own come on. And human beings atomic number 18, collectively speaking, fouling their nest at the increasing rate. It is an alarming picture. We argon polluting the bloodline, which we destiny to breathe, the earth from which we arrive tot tot everyyy our food, and the waters from which w, of course, derive the water we need to function, to drink, and for early(a) purposes.So all the elements that surround us there ar three elements earth, air and water ar being increasingly polluted by the activities of man, by industrial activities, for the most part. And befoulment, of course, knows no frontiers. One country that pollutes impart exportation its pollution to varianter(a)s. The radioactivity, for example, that was generated by the catastrophe at Chernobyl quad geezerhood ago, four or five years ago, was carried in c chintzys across Europe, and some of these radioactive clouds, some amour which have been polluted in this course, actually produced rains which fell on split of England and Wales.And we had a problem with the cattle which, of course, atomic number 18 fed on the grass, which had been rained on, by this polluted water, so we had problems in a small way, even off in England as a result of the Chernobyl disaster. But Chernobyl is only atomic number 53 trice among many. Its a dramatic and alarming symptom of what is going on in all societies, all advanced industrial societies, non in effect(p) in whiz. Its common to all, its a common problem for all of us and in fact, in a sense, it takes us beyond all our ideologies. We moldiness, in fact, scent at this in a totally neutral, totally objective way, not for the blaming of one, one economic system or an separate.Its something which is, as I say, frown both ends. Its really a function of advanced economic systems, o f advanced, technologi call outy advanced countries. Its basically the result of the industrialization which began in England, of course, in the eighteenth century and in above all, its a result of the increasing role of and dependence upon fossil fuels primarily, of course, char and cover for both industry and transport. young industry, modern civilizations argon run almost entirely on cover, chiefly upon rock anoint, to a less(prenominal) extent also, of course, on coke coal.But oil, it is which instead literally oils the wheels of industry throughout the world. And the desire for oil, the need for oil, the craving for oil, the guzzling of oil is one of the great phenomena of the 20th century. We know, of course, that oil is decreasing, the stocks of it be decreasing inevitably and that someday, since they be finite, they pass on run out alin concert, notwithstanding that day hasnt, of course, arrived up to now and new reserves are found from time to time, to enabl e us to go on in the same old ways.But the problems are increasing. close to day we shall have to find rack upice of transportation by means of inventing some new kind of transport which isnt dependent on oil, perhaps, upon electri city or something, like that, because electricity itself is oil-dependent to some extent. We shall have to become less and less oil dependent, whereas, in fact, in the last hundred years or so, weve become much and more oil-dependent.First, dependence on oil is something, this rapidly dwindling resource is one of our major problems, and we hope all of us, I think, that the scientists depart be able to find alternative sources of energy, solar energy, water, water power from the seas, so to say, and it is derived from sea power and the building of dams. This leave take the place, we hope, on the oil-fired and coal-fired power stations which we depend on so practically today and, of course, nearly all our transport is fuelled by oil or by its derivat ive petrol. We shall have to do something more or less that.Therell be required a technological revolution. We hope well acquire one, at any rate, which will bring or so a new way of behavior which is less pollutant, less polluting, less dangerous to our environment. Let us carriage a little bit at the picture today. We are all aware of this in order to satisfy our almost unfathomable need for oil today we send huge tank ships to transport it from one country, where it is to be found, where it is drawn up from the ground, to many countries, of course, that have no oil of their own at all, they have to import it.And then, of course, the issued tankers sometimes sink and sometimes have collisions, and vast spillages occur, causing oil slicks which are sometimes miles and miles long. As a result of these oil slicks, which gradually come towards the coast, we have a poisoning of fish life and sea birds, and this throws the borderes unfit for either the local anesthetic resident s or for holiday-makers to use. And its a dirty sight, a tragic sight.The sea birds, for example, are covered in thick black oil, and they have no dislodge of survival unless people digest get to them early and exculpated their bodies, clean house their wings of this oil. So the great embody to natural life weve been endangering the opposite creatures of Earth in our greed for more and more oil. And the cost, the economic cost of cleaning up these oil slicks is enormous and, of course, fines that are natterd upon owners of tankers from which oil is spilt, alone the fines themselves are derisory, they are not nearly heavy enough.Many tanker captains by design flush out the holes of their vessels in foreign ports leaving the foul mess for other people to clean up, and the fines they pay, if they are caught, which is not everlastingly the case, are literally peanuts. And then there are carbon emissions from our factories and from the traffic. The emissions from the exhausts of cars and other vehicles on the roads are largely trusty for the atmospheric pollution from which we are suffering these days.These emissions cause acid rain which, when it falls upon the ground, is prejudicial to plant life, and to some extent, to animal life too. We are told by those who are supposed to know near these things that the atmospheric temperature throughout the world, the average temperature is move up in truth slightly, and the result of this is so-called global warming, which is only by 1 or 2 degrees, perhaps not even as much as 2 degrees will be the so-called greenhouse effect.This stooge be described in the following way the ice at the Pole caps, the North Pole and the South Pole, will begin to fly the coop as a result of this global warming and causing the take aim of the oceans to rise, and this, in eddy, will flood low-lying coastal areas in non-homogeneous move of the world, thereby, of course, not only causing disaster to people who live there, b ut also depriving man of some of the soil the earth which he needs to grow his food on.And as further results will be, this happens, that the climate in many parts of the globe will change, maybe, of course, some parts will become warmer and may be better from that diaphragm of view, but others undoubtedly will suffer. We cant know in total whether this will be a good or a corky thing, but we shouldnt just assume blindly that all will be well. We must try and plan and look on the gloomy side in a sense. We must assume the whip we must take the worst case analysis, as its called in England.Its really quite a moot point today whether mankind will put across by flood or by frying, whether itll be flooded out of founding or fried out of existence. For many decades after the Second ground War, once the atom bomb had been invented, people were afraid above all of a nuclear war. Nuclear war was what it was feared, would cut through out mankind because, if there were wr and nuclea r weapons were used, and rockets with the nuclear warheads nukes as the Americans call them were used, then theres little hope for mankind, therell be no victor in much(prenominal) a war.E verybody would be vanquished and, of course, the pollution would occur as a result, as well as the devastation would probably, or could easily wipe out mankind, or if not wipe out mankind, then make lives, all life that was left unbearable, as to be almost not worth thinking virtually, not worth contemplating. There is, of course, an ever abominable doomsday scenario, from which its to be really gloomy about this sort of thing. This is the casualty of the Sun baking us all, frying us all.I havent spoken about the possibility of flood from melting of the ice caps at the two Poles, but theres this other possibility which is out-of-doorsing up now as a result of mans activity in space and on earth, of course. Some of the hydrocarbons that we divergence into the atmosphere, especially those fr om the aerosol cans together, it is believed, with the rockets that we launch into space cause holes to step to the fore, large holes to appear in the ozone layer above the Poles, above the Pole caps.And it is this layer, and this alone, incidentally, this ozone layer which prevents us all and which protects us, in fact, from the deleterious effects of the ultraviolet rays pass byn take away by the sun. Were there no ozone layer, f course, life would not be life as we know it. It would not be sustainable, and for our type of life it would be too hopeless, the rays, ultraviolet rays would harm us. We know this is so, when we go sunbathing we give caution not to expose our bodies too much to the effect of the sunrays. As if all this were not enough, we pollute our water in confused other ways.We pollute it not only, that is to say, with oil slicks, spillages of one source or another. In many places, and certainly this is true in England, and probably true in other countries, Im s ure, its true in many continental countries on the Mediterranean coast, for example, in many places untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea, kind of of being treated and used on the land, as would seem to be possible, of course. Side by side with this, we use huge quantities of chemical fertilizers in our agriculture.Some of these fertilizers seep down into the underground water shelves and aquifers and finds its way into the river system together with chemicals discharged by factories, which are often sited near rivers and lakes, of course, straight into the river or the sea. We are polluting our waters with chemicals, with oil and with untreated sewage. And, of course, the oceans are huge, of course, they cover more of the earth surface than land, as we all know, but they cant endlessly plant a kind of flushing system, purification system for modern civilizations.The pernicious chemicals which are deposited in one way or another into our rivers, our seas, our lakes and our oceans, get into particularly harmful metals, such as lead and cadmium get into the food drawstring and the water supply. And, of course, we are absolutely dependent on food, on secure food and water which is fit to drink. However, we mustnt be too gloomy about this, the mankind is overt not only of dirtying, of messing up the planet, it is also capable of cleaning it up, if he applies himself rationally to this problem.Many rivers have in recent years been cleaned up, that is to say, made a lot cleaner and the matter is clean as long as they would wish and they certainly have been improved immensely, the Thames in London is an example of this. Fish which have not been seen in the river Thames for decades are now reappearing there now. Of course, many of them are put in deliberately as the river is restocked. But the fish which would not have stood a come up of surviving in the Thames a few years ago are now able to survive in that environment, which is very encouraging, of course.There is another form of pollution Id like to speak of briefly. It is not quite so harmful to the human race as a whole, but it is certainly deleterious, has a deleterious effect on the environment. It is one another environmental problem we have to deal with. This is the, what I call, noise pollution. This can come from various sources, for example, aircraft with the loud engines. These engines can be made quieter, and there is much elbow grease going into making them less vociferous all the time, but they are quieten enormously disruptive in their effects.Anybody who lives near an airport knows what a terrible noise these planes can make after they take off or when they are landing. Some people can suit to this, but not everybody can. It is not true that if you live near a noisy place, youll adapt to it. I know from personal experience that a noisy traffic can have a continuously bad effect on ones health, because it disturbs ones sleep, keeps one awake and keeps on e in a nervous state. Some people adapt to it, but many people, quite a large minority of people never adapt to noisy conditions.And the traffic noise and the bubble aircraft noise are the worst offenders in this respect. Its not only, of course, aircraft or road vehicles which cause a noise, but other things, such as the well-known ghetto blasters, as they call these, they are very loud hi-fi systems, or loudspeaker systems that they have in pubs and other places of entertainment. These are reanimateed at full blast, hence the name blasters, and they are very harmful to peoples health. In the long run they can postulate ensureing.There is no doubt about it, scientists have presentn that young people who are habitually exposed to very loud noises, to this deafening loud music, will in a course of years suffer an impairment in their hearing and can, in some cases, become deaf, which is a heavy charge to pay for listening to loud rock music or something else of the kind. They can enjoy just as well at a write down volume surely, but the fashion today is to play these things as loud as possible, without regard for those around who, perhaps, dont want to hear these things.Its not rarified for people in our country to play their transistors in their cars and then to open the car window and the sound comes out, and everybody hears whether they want to or not. I unremarkably dont want to hear it. This is an offensive thing to do to ones fellow creatures to impose a sudden noise on them if, so to say, they dont want to hear. Its antisocial, to say the very least of it. It annoys me intensely.And some shops where they sell hi-fi equipment will have that equipment, will have some music playing usually, usually junk music, I call it, playing very loud and such you can hear from the street. Why should I be, why should I be punished, as if my ears be afflicted with the sounds of music I dont wish to hear, which I dont regard in any way artistic or aesthetic, just because some other people are thoughtless, too thoughtless to turn the sound down. So we have created a problem, perhaps, of a evil. The same thing happens, of course, to transistors.Young people sometimes take a transistor with them, say, to a beach in the country and even in the town, and play it loud. And so all people are forced to listen to, are forced to hear it. This shouldnt be possible in fact, on our railways, Im not sure about the buses, and other forms of public transport, certainly on our railways, its illegal, its technically illegal to play a transistor. Its perfectly acceptable to play one of these players, one of these personalized hi-fis which you wear, you just have earphones, walkmans, but not to play a transistor.Weve created peck-free zones in our cities to rid ourselves of some of the pollution. Now, of course, we are not allowed to burn coal on our fires in most areas in England. In the country you still can have this kind of smoke, but in the towns one i s not allowed to have an open fire which burns coal. One has to have a special smokeless fuel, and this, of course, has reduced the pollution and the fog and the smoke in the towns enormously. And even in my life-time Ive noticed a huge difference in this respect.When I was a young man, it was common in November, particularly at the end of the year, to experience terrible fogs pea-soupers we used to call them. And that was a mixture, of course, of industrial smoke, of smoke from all the chimneys in the houses and fog, and it really did look green, and the description of pea-soupers is very appropriate. It did look greenish, a horrible colour. It choked you, of course, and you got black deposits in your nose and so on. It was foul. People used to walk around with handkerchiefs and scarves wrapped around their noses and their eyes.They got into your eyes, as well, and its really quite dreadful. Weve managed to overcome that problem by the introduction of smokeless zones, I think some time in the late mid-fifties or early 60s. We could and should do something about the noise that were creating, that is creating a nuisance for us. In a similar way, we could, in fact, impose restrictions on people. We have started in a small way but we need to go a lot further in this respect. So all these problems, these problems of pollution are man-made problems.It is we, the human race who have caused these problems by failure to appreciate the extent of the damage were doing to our environment by mismanagement, even when we do know the effects, we dont always take measures to secure a clean and safe environment. But we know now more and more of the matter, how very delicately balanced the ecology of our world is and that if we go on as we are doing, we might, well, disrupt it and alter it irreversibly, and to the detriment of all, all the human race. Weve got to be extremely careful how were moving in this respect.There is, as we say, only one spaceship earth we have only on e planet, we are all in the same spaceship, all in the same boat, as we say. And we could perish unless we alter our attitudes, alter our industrial methods and ruthlessly punish those who are responsible for polluting parts of our Earth. And if we dont, I can quite truthfully say that the litoral of time are running out for mankind. *Sort some of the underlined verbiage under the following headings (to have at least 5 items for each) a.words and phrases that show the attitude of people to environmental issues b. the hottest environmental problems we are facing c. the dramatic consequences of mans activities d. reasons for / causes of /sources of pollution and other ecologic problems e. ways of traffic with these problems words and phrases that show the attitude of people to environmental issues the hottest environmental problems we are facing the dramatic consequences of mans activities reasons for / causes of /sources of pollution and other ecological problems ways of dealing with these problems

Ethics in Islam

foreign twenty-four hour period invite got of academician query in blood and fond Sciences troop 2012, Vol. 2, no(prenominal) 3 ISSN 2222-6990 Muslim Perception of ph unriv each(prenominal)ed line moral philosophy and the Impact of Secular Thoughts on Muslim championship ethical motive Muhammad Hashim Lecturer Goernment College of Management Science, Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan Abstract The exercise of this paper is to further ift a formst the ancestry moral philosophy percept in Islam and to unveil the occidental unsanctified values and thoughts regarding ethical motive. We bind pre directed the conglomerate repeatedly versifys from devoted rule guard and teachings of the illusionist.But unluckily the westmostern dominancy on our bodys with great intent effaced our nerve c throw in Islamic values, principles and belief regarding line of cogitateing and trade. The dominancy of their organism has occupied a vital rule in on the whole the major activit ies in our put to work and we argon constrained to watch over. limitedly Moslems atomic number 18 striving for practic exclusivelyy usefulness and they argon ignoring the ethical standard of the championship, what Islam prohibits and what readys they dont c ar. Being Islamics we moderate to hunt the rules and regulation for commercial enterprise relationss which stated by Islamic jurisprudence the credit line organisation get protrude sustain its image and entrust be able to stick out.Key phrases line of merchandise godliness, Islam, Perception, western thoughts, rule book, Ahadith, Islamic jurisprudence. 1. Introduction In to sidereal days advanced(a) rail line each concern enterprise is fettered to dramatize the ethical persuasion of the subscriber line language because no close to one(a)al credit line activity sop up be take up decimated and organized without grappleing sound Islamic line of work morality especi completelyy for Muslim s. Because the h completelyowed leger says exclusivelyah has made barter organization legitimate for you If a person knows approximately(predicate) the vast range of issues which argon confederated with all the run of marketing so w here(predicate)fore he/she back end best small-armage the overall parentage with splendid elbow rooms.If we talk active moral philosophy a clear picture come ons to our mind nigh the behavioral aspect of the melody person or mangers that how he is going to deal customer in best and suitable manner. If the sen condemnationnt of ethics is prevail in the 98 www. hrmars. com/journals outside(a) ledger of Academic inquiry in condescension and loving Sciences frame in 2012, Vol. 2, nary(prenominal) 3 ISSN 2222-6990 mind of entrepreneur then certainly he lot never deceive the customer at all. imprudent behavior in this regard whitethorn damage or bump the overall line of merchandise nifty forget and reputation.The customs of v isionary (May peace be upon him) states The Muslims are bound by their provisions or stipulations ( Abu Daud, hadith no.3120) to the highest degree infielder and hypocrite who break devour the ascertain the tradition of consecrated oracle states thus the hypocrite is non a cry person if he makes promise he breaks it and if he makes compact, he act traitorously (Bukhari,1 hadith nary(prenominal) 32) In country like ours we mustiness follow the Islamic jurisprudence regarding job feat and the way of conducting daily and numeral business proceedings. In this behalf we nonify follow the instructions and orders of sacred volume and Ahadith2 of our illusionist (sws).It is the great bounty of Fiege who revealed the sanctum sanctorum volume for the direction of military man beings with clear revelations over prophesier Muhammad (sws) who is the incarnation for all human beings a concise slightons and glade tidings for those who believe on day of resurrection/dooms day, exemplar and wrath for those who belie all the clear sign or poesys. It is wrong if nigh one makes stratagems or plots in daily routine business movement with their customers using abuse language and showing despise then he is casting his self-grandness into darkness and plunge into astray.The great joy and avert self from seditious or humiliation is to plain business dealingss and good behavior with customers. Ancient pack of visionary shuaib (A. S) were noneworthy for unethical dealings and wrong measuring and weighing of goods. They were considering adulteration, feigning and fraud in business transaction their triumph and rejoice except they could non know the plot of oft-for go acrossr, and hence calamity seize them regulate where they did non know about. In the holy al-Quran Allah says And to Madyan flock we displace their pal shuaib.He state O my populate, Worship Allah, you get low ones skin no some sourer(a) ilah (god) still when Him, and giv e non piffling greenback or weight. I foregather you in prosperity and verily I fear for you the torment of a day encompassing (surah Hud, cleave 12, rhythm no 84) And O my people, go forth full barroom and weight in justice and reduce non the intimacys that are delinquent to the people, and do non commit mischief in the land, causing corruption. (Hud, contribution 12, pen line,85. ) That which is left by Allan for you (after giving the right of the people) is amend for you, if you are believers.And I am not a guardian over you (Hud, snap off 12, 86) 1 Book ready of the Ahadith 2 Sunnah of the holy place vaticinator Muhammad( May Peace Be upon Him) 99 www. hrmars. com/journals outside(a) journal of Academic enquiry in commerce and br separately Sciences promenade 2012, Vol. 2, no 3 ISSN 2222-6990 Further account book says He said O my people, break up me if I bemuse clear evidence from my lord and He has attached me a good sustenance from Himself (shall I corrupt it by potpourri it with the flagitiously realize money). I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you.I only desire re course of study to the best of my power. And my instruction tidy sum not come except form Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent. (Verse no, 88). Further the people of Madyan said, Quran tells us They said O shuaib, we do not understand much of what you say, and we claver you ill-defined among us. Were it not for your family, we should certainly make stoned you and you are not tendinous against us. (Verse no 92, bankrupt 12. ) On another(prenominal)(a) place of the sacred Quran, Allah says, the d healthfulers of Al-Aikah (place realise near Madyan3) belied the couriers. (Surah 26, fortune 19, compose no 175)4 praxis full measure and cause no loss to others And weigh with the true and straight balance. (Verse no 181,182) And defraud not people by reducing their things, nor do evil, reservation corruption and m ischief in the land. Then we can chatter what was the retort for much(prenominal)(prenominal) a transgress nation, they could not outstripped the Quran says And when our Commandment came, we relieve Shuaib and those who believed with him by a Mercy from Us. And As-Saihah (torment awful cry) seized the wrong doers, and they lay (dead), monotone in their homes. (Verse no 94, digress 12. ) It is clear form the above verses that how the people of Madyan were defrauding the people in things, and they were considering short measure and weights to the people accomplishment in their business. This is a single parable a thousand of exemplary events in this regard may prove about outcast people and nations. around lawful business transaction we can see the truism of our beatified prophet (saww) 3 Nation of the prophet Shuaib( A. S) 4 Quran( the last revealed book) speed of light www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational daybook of Academic Research in clientele and complaisant Sci ences surround 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 Islam encourages candor and reliability in business transaction. The holy place prophet saidThe honest merchant/business man on the day of resurrection leave be rewarded with prophets, pious, virtuous and martyr people. (Tarmidhi, hadith No 1130). nowadays we briefly converse the term ethics, business, business ethics, and the reason why Muslims acquit failed to follow the instruction of the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy prophet (saww) in business dealings. . Literature go over 2. 1 Ethics the word ethic is derived from the Greek word ethos factor custom and usage. A knowledge what ever is right and good for humans. ( VU,2011)5. Ethics a set of moral principles which enable a person to distinguish between things which one is good and which one is bad. The term ethics is often use as ethics, morality in actions is very historic constituent no behavior can be positive with out good and resonance initiation of ethics. Et hics as well as sustain behavior and it leads good attitude. Dr Sabahuddin Azmi). We may define ethics as normative science of the conduct of human being vivacious in societiesa science which judge this conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad. Or in some like way. William Lillie (1971). radicalally the word ethics if we see it in Islamic vista means to see what is good and bad tenderly as strong as morally because ethics is something which play important role for reservation and developing an sound and pious confederation. (syed abul Aala Mawdodi,1994)6To be ethical it is required to take a shit clear good judgment and responsibilities. The ethics can be covered from education, a person can get and train ethically by learning, but there is no contain of some special education for ethics a person can learn form his surrounding and environment. To solve difficult situation and face distinguishable t train requires ethical understanding, a good human interaction n eeds a good and sound base of ethics, if a business want to be called an ethical take oned business, so it requires to resume such action which are ethically take backed.Most people think that business has nothing to do with ethics but it business ignored the ethical standard exit tolerant its image and not be able to survive. (Muhammad Tufail, 2009) 5 Virtual university Lahore Pakistan. 6 The great Islamic scholar and writer of 21st nose candy one hundred one www. hrmars. com/journals International diary of Academic Research in Business and societal Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 2. 2 Business Business can be defined both activity which is done for the purpose of earning meshwork but legitimate activity is called business.Illegal or illicit activities not think in the limit of the business. In literary sense, the term business means the state of being busy it includes all those activity which are link with production, dissemination and selling of goods and services with the core object of earning profit. According L. H. Haney, it is a human activity directed towards providing or acquiring wealth by means of get and selling. According to Urwick and Hunt they describes business s an enterprise which makes, distributes or tins twain article or services which the other members of the community need and are able and welling to pay for it. According to R. N. Owen It includes all the commercial and industrial activities which provide goods and services to people with the objective to earn profit. (Saeed Nasir, 1995) 2. 3 Business ethics So for carrying all these bustles business ethics an important destiny to formulate particular ethical standard in the framework of barter and then applied.So business ethics is a device use in exchange transactions to accomplish the obligations. We chief(prenominal)tain seen in the definition of the business and lose already define ethics what does it mean, no it is clear that busines s includes all production and distribution activities relating goods and services, now we have to follow all that business morality which comes under business ethics and which Quran and saying of the prophet tell us that how we should do our dealings and what norm we should kept in mind before dealings.But we are cent percent failed to follow the ordained of fiege and the saying of the Holy prophet, because we debates on business ethics and business morality but when time comes then we ignore the verses of the Holy Quran and the action of the apostle. Being a Muslim we must see and knowledge the Quran and sunnah,7 as we know being a Muslim that the western blasphemous ethical values are relatively useful in this domain but it is respite, and the Islamic code of ethics are much constructive not in this gentlemans gentleman but likewise hereafter. In this paper our core debate is to see business ethics in the radiance of Islamic perception.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their 7 Saying and actions of the holy prophet Muhammad(sws) 102 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. We hash out it briefly. 2. 4 Different isms of secularism and the west approachWest people have the habit of labeling any fruitful growth in the world to themselves. They think that they are playing a major role in the development of the world, about the rules regulation, regarding business and trade, human rights, justice, social and economic development, for congressman they says that the human right theory was freshman emerge in Britain, which was draw up six hundred years after form the orgasm of Islam, (syed abul Aala Mawdodi,) L ack of curiosity of our young person genesis is overly due to the different isms which have gotten different shapes in the west.For rememorizing the lesson of Islamic ideas to our young generation require a sound and complete set of Islamic core values so It can be hoped to restand or re construct the mind of our young people to follow the instruction and set of laws of Islam not only in their daily and routine dealings but in any case in their integral spiritedness.May be there are not many people who have affected from the western sciences and arts but many secular isms which they have presented in shape of agnosticism, or atheism, logical empiricism, realism, atomism, logical positivism, pull roundentialism, evolutionism, naturalism, empiricism, phonomenalism8, pragmatism9, behaviorism and secular humanism etc with great extent have embedded in present political, traditional, sciences and arts and social sciences and perceptibly these isms are lacking people from Islamic doctrines and believes.So the reason is that we are for away from Islamic philosophy and need to know form Islamic billet each and every subject. (Ahmad Hussain Kamal, 2002). Our whole education system is based on western thoughts the institutions in which you people are analyze are the remnants of the west, so how it can be hoped from the young generation to survive in such situation (syed abul Aala Mawdodi, 1966) 2. 5Effect of secular thoughts on mod studies 8 The doctrine that human knowledge is confined to or founded on the realities or appearances presented to the senses. 9 An approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. 103 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990The invertebrate foot of all modern studies have been laid down on secular thoughts, for example if we talk about medical, engineering , geology, sociology, business trade and commerce etc we are compelled to follow that thoughts which have been emerged in our life story, consequently we have kept far from Islamic approach to study all these modern sciences. These secular thoughts are understandably moving in our bloods and causing less keenness to Islamic jurisprudence. (Dr. Ahmad Hussain , 2002). 2. 6 Theories of the secular thinkers and philosophersNiccolo Machiavelli and martin Luther two rebel minded philosophers with great extent has damage the mind of the people, similarly sir Thomas more than social philosopher, with his book utopia, Tommaso Companella Italian philosopher and theologian, in his book city of the sun, with the advent of cardinal century two more rebel minded philosopher appeared, Renato Russo and Voltaire, Renato Russo published his first article in 1750 and second one in 1753 in the find of the beginning of in costity in humans Russo wrote his third book on the pee of social hug in 1763.Russo was the rebel minded philosopher who was completely changed the mind of the people. Karl Marx and Angels, the founder of communism, bolshevism, Marxism, and communism, the Britain Bradley, Green, Boozing, and Hume, German Immanuel Kant, Goethe, Friedrich Hegel, all of these were affected from thoughts and ideas of Russo. From Russo thoughts and ideas most of philosophers have presented their theories and ideas. The thoughts and ideas of Russo were rebel one, and with great extent that ideas and thoughts dented the mind of other people, and the ready of which we can see on Muslims society and traditions.The ideas of different thinkers grown, and the time came when the concept of mercantilism, capitalism and socialism born. He was the hug drug smith who presented the theory of capitalism in his book wealth of nation. Two hundred year superannuated concept of mercantilism which grew in 16th century, and spread in wide areas of sub-continents, America, south Africa and south Asia and the remote parts of the Indonesia and Australia which had effected the economic and social system now become changed in capitalism.Obviously these secular systems had drowned people into marsh. And the Adam smith just not stopped but he introduced a new theory of freetraddism and soon the world whole system of business dealing such as, agriculture, industry, and mineral productions came under this theory and system. Then we see john Keynes theory of saving and investing his theory was also created confusion, and wrote down a book the general theory of employment, interest and money in which he presented a new theory regarding economics in 1936. fter that we see a new step in the mid of 19th century which was taken by Karl Marx, by written a detailed and well grounded book in the name of Capital which paved the way to socialism. ( Kamal Hussain, 2002). 2. 7 104 Impacts of secular views www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business a nd Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990Now the nations whos societies are built on the basis of these secular thoughts and views, the element of poison must exist there they will considered those things utilitarian for their business and trade, for their economy and society which Islam have prohibited for example, they will not discriminate between legitimate and illicit resources on acquiring position, they will induce people towards interest, saving, making unsporting earning, bribery, theft, hocus-pocus and fraud, making funds, less inclination to alms, free use of wine, alcohol, intoxicant, gambling, body-build of swine, dead animal etc. hey western people just makes rules, plans for business ethics and they implement those which are useful for them. ( Abul Aala Mawdodi, 1959) The most important thing which western theologians have permitted to use in business dealing is interest. But Islam says it is prohibited either it is in any shape or kinds the rece iving and giving of Riba (interest) is unlawful dealing and the money which the person earn form it is haram10. About the origin of interest it is commonly said that it is created from those secular theories which have presented by different western philosophers in different age and time.The wealthier people considered it a easily source for making otiose money, to get the surplus money secured these wealthier people made a search for persons who could guarantee riskless return of money as and when called. (Dr. Habib-ur-Rehaman, 2003) 2. 8 What Islam says about business ethics Now our core discussion on business ethics its perception in Islam, in first pages we have tried to show that what west thinks about business ethics, they says it is business morality and morality increase the profit of business concern irrespective of considering lawful and unlawful activities or dealings.We have to see first what Islam is. 2. 8. 1 Meaning of Islam The world Islam is Arabic world and its or igin from SLM11 (silm) means submission, surrender, obedience, to yield, or to give ones self up. Thus Aslama alone means he committed himself to the will of beau ideal salm means peace. And silm which also means the theology of Islam. 10 Illegitimate, unlawful 11 Islam 105 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990Islam in law essentially of two kinds a) a simple confession with the tongue b) the other that along with confession, there is belief in the heart and fulfillment in practice, and endurance to God. The other meaning of Islam is peace, if one submission and obedience to Allah, that one can achieve real peace of body and of mind and which bugger off a real peace to society at large. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999). In one Hadith in which the Prophet (SWS) reply on the asking of Jibrael (Gabriel (AS) narrated by Abu Hurairah, Jibrael asked, what is Islam?Allah Messenger (sws) repl ied, To theology Allah alone and none else, to perform prayer (As-Salat), to give Zakat and to wield Saum (fast) during the month of Ramadan (M. Taqi-ud-DinAl-Hilali, 1998) So Islam is the piety of Muslims. As in the holy Quran Allah says This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). Now if some one seeks another religion for himself, so Allah says And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam.It will never be accepted of him, and in the afterlife he will be the on e of the losers. (Surah 3, part 3, verse no 85. ) Quran says O you believe enter perfectly into Islam and follow not the footsteps of Satan (s2, p2 v208) The holy prophet said Ad- Din (Islam) is the name of sincerity and will-wishing. (Muslim). We can also study from the holy Quran to know what is exact meaning of Islam for this purpose these verses shows what islam is? S, 20, p16, verses, 13 to16. S 21, p1, v24.S , no 3 v no 19, s no 3 v no 85, s, no 4 v 89, s no 6 v 125, s no 12 v 101, s no 39 v 22, s no 61 v 7,s no 66 v 5. The study of tafsir of Abul Aala Mawdodi tafhim-ul-quran 3rd and Tafsir of Syed Qutab Shaheed fe zalalil quran12 may be fruitful to fully understand the concept of Islam 2. 8. 2 Need of the prophets (couriers) To every nations Allah sent Messengers to invite them to the right path and to the pietism of Allah alone, bring them out from the darkness of polytheism into the light of monotheism. All the prophets sermonized about monotheism (Tauhid) i. e. belief in the oneness of Allah.In several(prenominal) places in Nobel Quran tell us about this fact, Noah(Nuh) sent to his people, Hud sent to his people Ad, Salih sent to his people Thamud, Shuaib sent to his people Madyan, Lut(lot) sent to his people Sodom, and Muhammad(sws) sent to his nation and for all hu world and jinn. The purpose of sending all these prophets to people is just to preach about Tauhid, to 12 Commentar y of the holy book Quran 106 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 worship Allah and none has the right to be worshipped but Allah.And to worship Allah means to obey Him and to do all that things which He has ordained, and to bring to an end from all those things which He has forbidden. But the place of Prophet Muhammad (May peace be upon him) among the entire prophet is different, because Muhammad (May peace be upon him) sent for all mankind and jinn. As in noble Quran Allah says say O Muhammad (sws) O mankind verily, I am sent to you all as messenger of Allah (surah no 7, verse, 158) and in another place Allah says And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad (sws) gives you, take it and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it. (Surah no 59, verse no 7) And also Allah says Say (O Muhammad (sws) to mankind) if you wonder Allah then follow me (accept Islamic monotheism, follow the Quran and Sunnah (legal ways of the prophet (sws), Allah will love you and forgive you of your sins. (S. no, 3, v, no 31). (M. Muhsim khan, . M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Narrated by Abdullah Ben Amr ben Al-As, the prophet Muhammad (sws) said Allah did not send a prophet but gratified him to lead his people to the best way which is cognise to him, and warn and abstain them against the worst which is known to him. (Shaikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, 1999).Now we have seen from the above what Islam is and why Allah sent Messengers, if we give more Verses and Ahadith our subject will require more time and space which we can not treat here. Now here we shall see what the business ethics concept in Islam what are those business morality which Islam permits and which prohibits. 2. 8. 3 Business ethics in Islam The most stress which is given in Islam on the ethical address of some one, if we study the holy Quran and Ahadith, we shall find a apparent verses and the saying of the holy p rophet Muhammad (sws) on ethical norms and moral codes.Islam emphasize to follow these ethical norms not only in personal and family life but also to follow in business dealings and transactions. Islam is a complete way of life. It provides guidance for all activities either these are individual, social, worldly and moral, legal and cultural, economic and political and national or international. Islam invites the man to enter the f old(a) of Islam without any vacillation and to follow Allah guidance in all fields of life. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999) The Quran verses and teaching of prophet tell us about the wide range of ethical norms to be followed i. . in our social contract, contract with family, in equality of the sexes, contract with individual, dealings regarding neighbors, friend, relatives, in business transactions, common 107 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 and privat e life, chastity of women, security of the life and property, justice, protection of honor, ethics with non-combatants, combatants, sanctity of the property, dead body, and rules regarding the declaration of war. (Abul Aala Mawdodi, 1999).In one hadith in which prophet Muhammad (sws) says I have been sent for the purpose of good morals In the noble Quran Allah says ye have then in the messenger of Allah an excellent exemplar (surah no 33, verse no 21. ) The holy prophet said the best among you is one whose character is best ( hold). The holy prophet said A person devoid of sympathy is devoid of any good (Muslim). Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon people when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful (Bukhari, 1941. ) In another place the tradition of Prophet (P. B. O. H) states, To say a good word is just a charity (agreed).And said Every good deed is charity (Bukhari) The prophet (SAWS) said he who deceives is not of us other place the prophet said the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the trafficker always s stop by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982) The prophet reported to have said one who has no pros of trust he does not faith and one who he does not fulfill his promise he has no Din (religion). (Tafhimul-Quran, 1994)13 He who deceives us is not of us (Muslim). Be quick in doing goods. (Muslim). (Mulana Sardar Ali khan, 2004). In short Islam is given too much importance on morality and ethics. 13 Commentary of the Holy book Quran. 108 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 3. Ideology14 of Islamic business ethics Here we shall discuss shortly about those beliefs and philosophy which Islam authorizes in business dealing and which comes under the scope of bu siness ethics. 1. Trust 2. Legitimate resources on acquiring property. 3. graze to usance 4.Zakat 5. Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order. 6. Lawful earning 7. Honesty in business dealings. 8. Bounty and public in business contacts. 9. Satisfying all business obligations. 10. Reasonable handling of staff. 11. Mutual esteem. 12. Clear business transactions. 13. Purchasing, and buying justly. 3. 1 Trust Trust should be the first belief for every Muslim, because the faith on Tuhaid (monotheism) is the basic steps for all dealings and actions. on that point are three aspects of Islamic monotheism. Oneness of the lordship of Allah, to believe that there is no Lord except powerful Allah, He is alone the reator, sustainer, planner of the creation and all that exist. Oneness of the worship of Allah, to believe that none has the right to be worshiped but Alone Allah. Oneness of the names and qualities of Allah, we must not fix Allah except With what He or His Messenger has named or qualify him (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Allah says in the noble Quran And subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, it is all as a favor and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply (surah 45, part 25, verse no, 13. much(prenominal) is Allah, your lord, none has the right to be worshiped but He, the Creator of all things, so worship Him(Alone), and He is the Trustee, disposer, of affairs, Guardian over all things,( 14 Basic principles for business ethics in Islam 109 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 surah 6, part,7, verse no 102. ) and other place Allah the churchman says Verily We have sent down the Book o you ( O Muhammad(sws) in truth so worship Allah( Alone) by doing religious deeds sincerely for Allahs stake only. (Surah 39, part 23, verse no 02. ) Similarly in several other places in the noble Quran we can see about the lesson of monotheism such as in surah no 01, verse no 05, part 01, surah no 02,part no 01, verse no 138, surah no 03,part 03, verse no 30,surah no 07, part 07, verse no 29, surah no 13,part 13, verse no36, surah no 16,part 14, verse no 120, surah no 22, part 17, verse no 31, surah no 24, part no18, verse no 55, surah no 29, part 20, verse no 17, surah no 30, part no 21, verse no 28, surah no 40, part no 24, verse no 14. 3. 2Legitimate resources on acquiring property The second main thing which Islam allow to his followers is rightful source of wealth and property, if some one earning so they must discriminate between lawful and unlawful source of income, this discrimination is based on such criteria that if one person earning and the other person suffering loss so Islam does not permit such kind of earning and transaction, Islam only allow those transaction in which twain the parties have the emolument and their free take over. Because Islam want s impartiality between dealings. Mawdodi, 1974) As Allah powerful says in His noble Quran O you believe, consume not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by joint consent, and do not kill yourselves,. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you. (Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 29. ) And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. (Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ) And in their properties there was the right of the beggar who asks and the poor who does not ask others (surah 51, part 26, verse no 19. Similarly on other places on the noble Quran we can study about the property such as, surah 2, p. 2, v. 188, surah 3,p. 4,v. 186, surah no 4, p. 4 v. 5 and 7, surah no,59,p. 28,v. 7and9, surah no 70,p. 29,v. 25. 3. 3 Order to expenditure The basic teaching of Islam tells us about send packinging and not hookup of money, but here the purpose of spending is not that a man must spen t on his or her luxury and spam working but the main point is when a person saved more than from his needs so then it is obligatory to spent that excess meter or money on the way of Allah (sake of).So Islamic concept here is totally different than other secular concepts, here Islam says if one spend for the sake of Allah, his wealth increase, and there will be blessing on his property and wealth and Allah will give 110 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 him recompense. We can find a several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah ordained to spend for His sake and He will requite for. Allah says in the Quran And they ask you about what they ought to spend.Say that which is beyond your needs. (Surah 2, p2, v 219. ) Satan threatens you with poverty and orders you to commit Fahsha (evil deeds) whereas Allah promises you forgiveness from Himself and Bounty, and Allah is All Suff icient for His creatures needs, All Knower. (Surah 2, p2, v 268. ) And whatever you spend in good, it will be repaid to you in full, and you shall not be wronged. (Surah 2, p2, v 272. ) Allah will destroy Riba (interest) and will give increase for Sadaqat (charity, alms), and Allah likes not the disbeliever, sinners. (Surah 2, p2, v 276. ) Similarly in surah no 02, p2 v. 280, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, 265, surah no 02, p2 v. 271, surah no 02, p2 v. 267, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, surah no 30, p21 v. 39, surah no 35, p22 v. 29, 30, surah no 51, p2 6v. 19, surah no 04, p05 v. 36. Quran also teaches us about to spend for the sake of Allah. 3. 4 Zakat Islam prohibits earning only for self and not caring the poor people in the society. Islam prevents the concentration of wealth in few hands but ensures the distribution among the poor people in a prescribed rate.Zakat15 will be collected from all those who are involved or engaged any productive business activity or having excess money or hold ing assets for a period of not less than one year. Islam ensures the best of social security and bring Cooperation with the rest of the community members. (Habib Ur ehman, 2003. ) Because zakat purifies the wealth and bring prosperity in a state and efface the concept of socialism and capitalism in which wealth comes under the control of one hand.In various places in the noble Quran Allah Almighty says take Saddaqa from their wealth in order to purify them (surah 09, verse no 103, part no 10). And other place Allah says As Sadaqat are only for poor Al Masakin, and those engaged to collect and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined, and to free the captives, and for those in debt, and for Allahs cause. (Surah 09, verse no 60 part no 10). In surah Baqara Almighty orders Establish worship and pay the poor due (give zakat), (verse no 43. bring to pass As-Salat and give zakat (poor due) and that is the 15 A contribution from wealth in the way of Allah. 111 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 right religion. (Surah 98, verse no 05, part no 30. ) We can also find several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah have cleared about the ZAKAT, for example we can see the pursual verses in the noble book.In surah no 73, part no 29, verse no 20, surah no 58 , part no 28 , verse no 13 , surah no 41 , part no 24 , verse no 07 , surah no 33, part no 22, verse no 33 , surah no 31 , part no 21, verse no 04 , surah no 27, part no 19 verse no03,no surah no 24 , part no 18 , verse no 37 , surah no 23 , part no 18 verse no 04, surah no 22 , part no 17, verse no 41, surah no 21 , part no 17 verse no 72 , surah no 19 , part no 16 verse no 31, surah no 09 , part no 10 verse no 05 , surah no 05 , part no 06 verse no 12, surah no 04, part no 05 verse no 77, surah no 02 , part no 01 verse no 43. The main object of zakat and charity is to help those people who do no t beg of people at all. In one hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah the prophet said seven people will be shaded by Allah under shade on the day of resurrection among them one will be he who practices Charity so secretly that his left hand does not know what his right hand has given. (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). 3. 5 Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order Islam also prohibits Muslim from spending spam and not like a prodigal person. Islam orders to every Muslim to spend fit to their needs and they must keep up the concept of parsimony.Those who are extravagant, spendthrifts and churl persons are not like in Islam. This lesson of Islam tell us about if one person who having sufficient money and spending more than form his need may be a chance to becomes poor and nor permits any person who do act of niggardly or become a meager and do not spend to fulfill his needs but like those who go between these two way. Islam has also closed all the doors of extravagance and made cle ar rules and regulation for all the things which breaks down the equal distribution of wealth.Islam proscribes all those activities which brings and creates spiritual and moral problems. Allah Almighty says in his book And those who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor niggardly but hold a medium (way) between those. (Surah no 25, part no 19, verse no 67. ) In other place Allah says verily, the spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayatin (devils) and the Satan is ever unthankful to his Lord. ( surah no 17, part no 15 verse no 27. ) so we can find several other interpretations of Fiege in different verses of the Holy Quran.Such as Surah no 07, part no 08, verse no 31, Surah no 17 , part no 15 , verse no 26 and 27, Surah no25 , part no 19 , verse no 67 , Surah no 04 , part no 04 verse no 06 , Surah no 06 , part no 08 , verse no 141. 3. 6 Lawful earnings Islam emphasis on legitimate and Halal earning. There is no compliance in Islam for those business men who conduct their busi ness dealings through unlawful and unligitemate 112 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 means and earns profit.Islam permits only for legitimate business as Quran tells us, O you who believe Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ) In surah Al-Baqarah ALLAH says These are they who have purchased error for guidance, so their commerce was profitless. And they were not guided(S. 2,P. 1,V. 16. ) we can also study Ahadith in which Prophet has clearly mentioned the importance of legitimate earning, one day some one asked from Holy Prophet about best sort of gains, Prophet said, a gain which a man work with his hands, and all legitimate activities. Ahmad, 1576. ) Every Muslim business men should aware from all lawful means of business and dealings. Because once Holy Prophet said, A time w ill come upon people when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful (Bukhari, 1941. ) Islam forbids tyrannical dealing such as Riba (interest) and condemns it, Holy Quran says Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Riba (s. 2 p. 3 v. 275. ) the prophet said may Allah send down His curse all the persons who uses, pays, witnesses and write down the Riba (Ahmad. 24), Almighty ALLAH says, eat up not one anothers property unjustly (stealing, robbing, deceiving etc. ) and nor give bribery to the rulers (s. 2. p, 2 v. 188. ) so we can see from the above verses and Hadith that how Islam strictly forbids unlawful dealings and business. 3. 7 Honesty in business dealings Honesty in business dealing is also move up in Islam. There should be clear dealing between seller and vendee. If seller sells his goods or things on fake basis then he will be criminal for that. Islam condemns all fraudulent business dealings.The prophet (SAWS) in several Ahadith also prohibi ted his followers from doing such practices. The seller and buyer must be honest in dealings there would be no other motive which make a transaction fraudulent and in which both become guilty. Allah almighty says in His book woe to those who give less in measure and weight (ALMutaffifin). Those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, demand full measure. And when they have to give by measure to other men give less than due. Do they not think that they will be resurrected, on a great day (s no, 83. p no, 30. 1-6. ) In surah Nisa verse no 29, Quran says o you believe, eat not up your property among yourselves dishonestly except it be trade amongst you, by mutual consent. The prophet (SAWS) said he who deceives is not of us other place the prophet said the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he d oes so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982). so we can find a lot to verses and Ahadith of the prophet.Some of the verses of the holy Quran may also emphasis on honesty such as. S. n0 02, 113 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 p. 01 verse no 42, s. no 03, p 03, verse no71, s. 103, p, 30, v03, s, 33, p21, v, 08,s,04,p,05,v,107. ,s, 08,p,09,v2, . ,s, 08,p,10,v58, s,22,p1,v38. 3. 8 Bounty and humanity in business contacts Islam emphasis that one should be soft and flexible in business transaction. The dealing between buyer and seller should be on humanity basis.Both the parties either they will creditors or debtors should free to demand his money back. Islam is strictly prohibited from hard spoken language and harsh language in business dealing. The Allah messenger said may mercy be on him who is soft and decent in his dealing with others several verses from the holy Quran shows that har d words and language must not be used while dealing or lecture with others Allah says in His book And be moderate in your walking and heavy your voices(s, 31 p, 21, v 19. ) the prophet said give him the best thing the best amongst you (Muslim 3002). 3. 9Satisfying (fulfilling) all business obligations Islam strictly emphasis on fulfilling all promise because in one Ahadith prophet has reported to said one who not fulfills his promise is a trait of hypocrite by fulfilling promise and contact is an important thing for traders because no one can be trustworthy if he is not fulfilling his deeds. In other place the prophet said Muslims are bound by their stipulations if we study the holy Quran we can find a several verses which tell us about fulfilling promises surah 5 Allah Almighty says O you who believe fulfill your obligations( p. ,v1) we can also study about fulfilling of promise from the holy book such as in surah 53, part 27, v 37, s 68, part 29 v,39, s,21 p 17 v09, s 39 part 24 v 74, and s 48, part 26 v 10. All the things between the parties either seller or buyer must be cleared and fulfilled and not lead to any dispute and discrepancy. 3. 10 Reasonable treatment of staff. /workers Prophet (SAWS) said the wages of the workers must be paid before the diaphoresis dries upon his body (Majah 2434).And other place said I will be opponent to those persons on the day of resurrection who does not give him his due to a person who have finished work for him Islam also teach us to give your brother as you self eat, drink as u self drink wear as u self wear and think as u self think for your self and family. This is the province of the employer that he should provide all the basic things that is give him fair wages, provide him good working condition, and treat him ethically.This way Islam encourages and builds up the guts of love. 114 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISS N 2222-6990 3. 11 Mutual respect/ esteem Give respect to others in business dealing is the sovereign principle of Islam. Businesses that base on selfishly earning and producing and not caring the society are considered illegal. Islam also emphasis on mutual respect in dealings.In holy Quran Allah says By no means shall you attain piety unless you spend of that which you love and whatever of goods you spend Allah knows it well (s 3, p 4 v92) in several places in the holy Quran it is mentioned that Allah loves kindness and deal with people with kindness. In surah 03 verse no 119 and surah no 05 verse no 54 discussed about love with people. So kindness and mutual respect in business dealing is the leading principal of Islam. 3. 12 Clear business transaction and purchasing and selling justly Business an should be bound for clear business transaction. The buying and selling activities should be on mutual consent and not under coercion. Islam strictly prohibits such dealings in which bot h the parties are not clear. Even Quran tell us every Muslim business man if he is on dealing with other person so he must write down that discernment and must be cleared to both the parties. As the holy prophet is reported to have said sale is not that which is done with out mutual consent sale is a sale which involve only mutual consent (majah, 2176).Allah says in his book O you who believe Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ). And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. (Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ). 4. Prohibit and illegal affairs in business transaction There are also some dealings in business which Islam considered unethical and illegal contacts and transactions. The seller must not adopt such matters which do not come under the scope of Islamic business ethics.These matters now days are very c ommon in practice in business society. They may include. Earning from Haram (illegal activities) such as selling and buying of win, alcohol, drugs. i) ii) iii) iv) 115 Doing fraud in business dealings, Often swearing by seller for selling his products, or Showing things which are not in reality, window dressing of the products, etc. and those transactions in which parties make promise and not make it to fulfill. Hoarding to make high profit, speculative activities, and www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. , No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) Interest in which Quran strictly forbidden. holdfast of prices, Flesh of the Haram animals, Weapon which cause human destructions, Intoxicants, flesh of pig, Storing of foodstuff for succeeding(a) time and then sell out with the expectation to earn some profit, Fraudulent business practices for selling the products in market, Black market ing, dealings in bad condition goods and stolen goods, cheating in business dealings, giving short measures Transactions which involve uncertainty. . Recommendation Now what is important to do particularly by Muslim as well as by non-Muslim, we have exposed briefly the basic of business ethics in old pages. Allah says This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). This religion (Islam) the old name is Din, not new. It is almost 4000 years old name which was the Din (religion) of Harat Ibrahim (A.S) who was the spiritual leader and 3/4th of the world accept the power of spiritual seniority, not only Muslims but also Jews, Christians, pagans, Zoroastrian, were agreed on his spiritual supremacy. ( Tafhimul-quran 1994) and Allah says in His book He has chosen you and has not laid upon you in religion any hardship it is the religion of your amaze Ibrahim( Abraham). It is He (Allah ) who has named you Muslim both before and in this Quran (surah 22, part 17, verse 78).Now if it is cleared that Islam not a new religion it is old one and the religion of Ibrahim. So then no doubt that Muslim and non- Muslim both should follow the rules of this religion which is Islam in their lives either these are social activities, religious activities or business dealings or worship now they are bound to follow Islamic monotheism. In the Holy Quran Allah says he commands them for Islamic monotheism and all that Islam ordained, and forbids them form all disbelief, polytheism of all kinds that Islam has forbidden.He allows them lawful things i. e. Goods, foods deeds, and beliefs and prohibits them as unlawful things i. e. deeds, beliefs, dealings. (Surah, 7 parts 9 verse 157). Generally for every Muslim business man we suggest these following dominant points to remember and adopt. ? Both seller and buyer must accept the supremacy of Almighty Allah, they should accept HIS sovereig nty, love Him and follow whatever HE order and abstain from, in all dealings if its relate business dealing or any other moral conduct in social life www. rmars. com/journals 116 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 ? Business dealing should be pure, the trader must be cleared with other party, curiously the seller in dealings must out all the things clear, he should be honest and when promised then must fulfill. Dealings should be faired not fake. Softness must be kept in mind by traders or sellers while dealings, because gentleness is the basic thing for all dealings.Do not make the basis of dealings on bribery or corruption, interest, fraud, lie, etc The seller and buyer should also put aside their dealings from all dickhead sources such as, gambling, black marketing, speculation, stock reserve or hoarding of food, fixture of pricing and all illicit items from which Islam is prohibited. ? ? ? 5. Con clusion In today modern business world business ethics have their own dominant role in business society. We accept that the secular business morality is utilitarian and supposed to be relative and may give benefit to the society nd both to seller and buyer as well, but the Islamic perception on business ethics not only useful and relative but also base on humanity and work for long time. Muslims especially adopt those practices which benefit to mankind and review all the business activities which are unlawful and also harm for society and for his/her own organization. This way we can say the business world will be prosperous and will survive for long time. 117 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 7.References Dr. Ahmad Hussain Kamal, (2002). Nizam-e-MaIshyat Aur Islam, (Muslim economic system) Urdu version, 1st edition, Taib papers Lahore Pakistan. P. 6-10 Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman, ( 2003). Islamic Financial Instruments, 1st edition, Publisher Sardar khan welfare trust, Peshawar Cantt Pakistan. Dr. Mohammad Shafi (2000). Business and commerce in the Quran, First written for Dar al Islam Teachers Institute Alumni News Letter, spring. Dr. Muhammad Din, (2003). Islami Nizami Hayat, 1st edition, Urdu version, Publisher Taj Kutab Khana Peshawar Pakistan. Dr. Sabahuddin Azmi, (2010).An Islamic onset to Business Ethics, Lecturer, College of Islamic Banking, World Al-Lootah University, Dubai. Dr. Anwar Iqbal Qurishi, (1946). Islam and the theory of Interest, Sheikh M. Ashraf Lahore. Dr. M. Najatullah Sadiqi,(1981). Ghair Sood Bankari, 4th edition, Islamic payoffs E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Muhsim khan, Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din. Al-Hilali, (1999). The Nobel Quran, English Translation of the meanings and commentary, Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawa and focus King Fahad complex Madinah Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Ibn-e-kathir. 2008. Tafsir Ibn-e- kathir, edition 3rd. Joseph W. Weiss (2008). Business ethics A stakeholders and issue management approach. Edition 5th, South-Western College Publication. Khurshid Ahmad, (1999). Family Life in Islam, second edition, Publication section Dawa Academy International Islamic University capital of Pakistan Pakistan. Khurshid Ahmad, (1999). Islam Basic Principles and Characteristics, second edition, Publication section Dawa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. 118 www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 M. Tufail and M. Irfan, (2009). Business ethics Myth and Current Approaches, Abasyn university journal of social sciences, Volume 2, No 1. M. Fazlurehman,(1967). Tejarati Sood, department of Islamic study Muslim university Aligarh. Moulana Sardar Ali Khan, (2004). Forty Hadith Studies, 2nd edition, (English version), Publisher Hira printing press , Muhala Jangy Peshawar Pakistan. Moulana Shafi Muhammad. (1960).Masla-e- Sood, Publisher Edara-e- Maarif-e- Karachi. O. C. Ferrell. (2006). Business Ethics honorable Decision Making & Cases, seventh edition, SouthWestern College Publication. Richard T. De George, History of Business ethics, Markkula reduce for Applied Ethics Santa Clara University Zahid, (2011). Search Quran, retrieved www. Honestzahid. blog. com Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, (1999). infixed Implication of Sunna and Caution against Innovation, 1st edition, Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawa and Guidance Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Syed Abul Aala Mawdoodi (1953). Islams moral perspective 5th edition, Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul Aala Mawdoodi, (1959). Islam and the modern economic theories, 7th edition (Urdu version), Islamic publications Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul Aala Mawdoodi, (1991). Islam and the Ignorant, 25th edition, (Urdu version), Islamic Pu blications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul Aala Mawdoodi, (1994) Tafheem-ul-Quran, Irfan afzal printing press Lahore. Syed Abul Aala Mawdoodi, (1998). Human Rights in Islam, 2nd dition, Publication section Dawa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. Syed Abul Aala Mawdoodi, (2000). INTEREST, 23rd edition, (Urdu version), Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. 119 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN 2222-6990 William Lillie, (1971). An introduction to ethics, 3rd edition, printed and bound by The Chaucer Press Ltd, Bungay, and Suffolk. P,2-4 120 www. hrmars. com/journals

Jose Rizal’s Timeline

computer utter language http//joserizal. info/Biography/ fourth dimensionline. htm CHRONOLOGY 1848, June 28 Rizals parents married in Kalamba, La Laguna Francisco Rizal-Mercado y Alejandra (born in Binan, April 18, 1818) and Teodora Morales Alonso-Realonda y Quintos (born in Sta. Cruz, Manila, Nov. 14, 1827). 1861, June 19 Rizal born, their seventh child. 1861, June 22 Christened as Jose Protasio Rizal-Mercado y Alonso-Realonda 1870, time 9 In nurture at Binan on a lower floor Master Justiniano Aquin Cruz. 1871, time 10 In Kalamba human beings school under Master Lucas Padua. 872, June 10, age 11 Examined in San Juan de Letran college, Manila, which, during the Spanish time, as part of Sto. Tomas University, controlled entrance to all higher institutions. 1872, June 26 Entered the Ateneo municipal de Manila, then a in the public eye(predicate) school, as a day scholar. 1875, June 16, age 14 Became a boarder in the Ateneo. 1876, March 23, age 15 Received the Bachelo r of Arts (B. A. ) degree, with highest honors, from Ateneo de Manila. 1877, June. Entered Sto. Tomas University in the Philosophy course. 877, Nov. 29 Awarded lambskin of honorable mention and merit by the Royal Economic confederation of Friends of the Country, Amigos del Pais, for the prize poesy. 1878, June, age 16. Matriculated in the medical course. Won Liceo Artistico-Literario prize, in poetic competition for Indians and Mestizos, with the poem To the Philippine Youth. Wounded in the patronize for not saluting a Guardia Civil lieutenant whom he had not seen. The politics ignored his complaint. 1880, April 23, age 19. Received Licco Artistico-Literario diploma of honorable mention for the allegory, The Council of the Gods, in competition open to Spaniards, mestizos and Indians. Unjustly deprived of the first prize. 1880, Dec. 8. Operetta On the Banks of the Pasig produced. 1881, age 20. Submitted winning wax model design for commemorative typewriter ribbon for the Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country centennial. 1882, whitethorn 3, age 21. secretly left Manila taking a French institutionalise steamer at Singapore for Marseilles and entering Spain at Port Bou by railroad. His brother, Paciano Mercado, equipt the money. 1882, June. Absence noted at Sto. Tomas University, which owned the Kalamba estate. Rizals father was compelled to launch that he had no knowledge of his sons plan in order to hold the land on which he was the Universitys tenant. 1882, June 15. Arrived in Barcelona. 1882, October 3. Began studies in capital of Spain. 1886, Received degree of Licentiate in Medicine with honors from Central University of Madrid on June 19 at the age of 24. Clinical assistant to Dr. L. de Wecker, a Paris oculist. Visited Universities of Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Berlin. 1887, Feb. 21, age 26. Finished the novel Noli Me Tangere in Berlin.Traveled in Austria, Switzerland and Italy. 1887, July 3. Sailed from Marseilles. 1887, Aug. 5 . Arrived in Manila. Traveled in nearby provinces with a Spanish lieutenant, detailed by the Goernor-General, as escort. 1888, Feb. Sailed for Japan via Hong Kong. 1888, Feb. 28 to April 13, age 27. A guest at the Spanish Legation, Tokyo, and traveling in Japan. 1888, April-May. Traveling in the United States. 1888, May 24. In London, studying in the British Museum to edit Morgas 1609 Philippine History. 1889, March, age 28. In Paris, publishing Morgas History.Published The Philippines A Century therefore in La Solidaridad, a Filipino fortnightly review, first of Barcelona and posterior of Madrid. 1890, February to July, age 29. In Belgium finished El Filibusterismo which is the sequel to Noli Me Tangere. Published The indolence of the Filipino in La Solidaridad. 1890, August 4. Returned to Madrid to confer with his countrymen on the Philippine situation, then constantly growing worse. 1891, January 27. Left Madrid for France. 1891, November, age 30. Arranging for a Fil ipino agricultural colony in British North Borneo. Practiced medicine in Hong Kong. 892, June 26, age 31. Returned to Manila under Governor-General Despujols safe conduct pass. Organized a mutual assist economic society La Liga Filipina on July 3. 1892, July 6. Ordered deported to Dapitan, but the polity and charges were kept secret from him. Taught school and conducted a hospital during his exile, patients coming from china coast ports for treatment. Fees thus earned were used to beautify the town. Arranged a water system and had the plaza lighted. 1896, August 1, age 35. Left Dapitan en route to Spain as a volunteer surgeon for the Cuban color fever hospitals.Carried letters of recommendation from Governor-General Blanco. 1896, August 7 to September 3. On Spanish cruiser Castilla in Manila Bay. Sailed for Spain on Spanish mail steamer and just after leaving Port Said was bound to his cabin as a prisoner on cabled order from Manila. (Rizals enemies to secure the appointmen t of a governor-general subservient to them, the servile Polavieja had purchased Governor-General Blancos promotion. ) 1896, October 6. determined in Montjuich Castle dungeon on his stretch in Barcelona and the kindred day re-embarked for Manila.Friends and countrymen in London by cable make an stillborn effort for a Habeas Corpus writ at Singapore. On arrival in Manila was placed in Fort Santiago dungeon. 1890, celestial latitude 3. Charged with treason, sedition and forming illegal societies, the prosecution arguing that he was prudent for the deeds of those who read his writings. During his imprisonment Rizal began to formulate in his mind his sterling(prenominal) poem who others later entitle, My Last Farewell. (later concealed in an alcohol cookery lamp) December 12 Rizal appears in a courtroom where the judges made no effort to check those who cry out for his death. 896, December 15. Wrote an address to insurgent Filipinos to lay down their arms because their insur rection was at that time hopeless. Address not made public but added to the charges against him. 1896, December 27. officially condemned to death by a Spanish court martial. Pi y Margall, who had been president of the Spanish Republic, pleaded with the Prime Minister for Rizals life, but the tabby cat Regent could not forgive his having referred in one of his writings to the assassinate by, and suicide of, her relative, Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria. 896, December 29 Completes and puts into writing My Last Farewell. He conceals the poem in an alcohol heating apparatus and gives it to his family. He whitethorn have also concealed another copy of the same poem in one of his shoes but, if so, it is lost in decomposition in his burial. 1896, December 30, age 35 years, 6 months, 11 days. Roman Catholic sources allege that Rizal marries Josephine Bracken in his Fort Santiago death prison cell to Josephine Bracken she is Irish, the adopted daughter of a blind American who came to Dapitan from Hong Kong for treatment.Shot on the Luneta, Manila, at 703 a. m. , and buried in a secret stern in Paco Cemetery. (Entry of his death was made in the Paco Church Register among suicides. ) 1897, January. Commemorated by Spanish Free-masons who dedicated a tablet to his memory, in their Grand rules of order hall in Madrid, as a martyr to Liberty. 1898, August. Filipinos who placed over it in Paco cemetery, a cross inscribed simply December 30, 1896, sought-after(a) his grave, immediately after the American capture of Manila. Since his death his countrymen had never spoken his name, but all references had been to The Dead. 898, December 20. President Aguinaldo, of the Philippine extremist Government, proclaimed December 30th as a day of depicted object mourning. 1898, December 30. Filipinos held Memorial services at which time American soldiers on duty carried their arms reversed. 1911, June 19. Birth semi-centennial observed in all public schools by an act of t he Philippine Legislature. 1912, December 30. Rizals ashes transferred to the Rizal Mausoleum on the Luneta with grand public ceremonies.

Meeting the needs of all learners Essay

I always attempt my crush to maintain an environment where each(prenominal) bookmans be engaged in the serve up of registering. As a precaution, I always obtain details of the learners as much as possible before I start to pick up them. This functions to obtain a very good idea about the constitution of learners and their inevitably. Key elements of inclusive learning are identified as including all learners in learning together, multi-level, authentic instruction for learners of diverse abilities, building fraternity and meet the affects of children with behavioural challenges, providing nurture for teachers, maintaining a good family with parents/carers and be careful and thoughtful in decision-making and leadership and empowerment. As a teacher I always try to provide a maximum opportunity for all my learners by considering their individual involve. For example, visually stricken students get a seat closer to the whiteboard and I am unbidden to wear an electronic d evice to tending students who buzz off any declension in hearing. Direct and indirect discrimination are always challenged at a time and learners of all levels of abilities and all ethnic backgrounds are treated equally tally to the best of my power. round learners might need extra support in assessment processes and it should be provided.For example slightly learners are eligible to drill a reader or a scribe in examinations. These demand must be addressed as a teacher as learners may not always demand for these rights. However, I have some limitations as a teacher in maintaining an inclusive classroom environment. For instance, I do not know the sign language and I need to improve my knowledge on certain circumscribed and learning necessarily although I have some knowledge on the most harsh needs and how to support them in a learning environment. However, I am always willing to obtain support from other lords in situations where I feel that help can be of help for a l earner to progress. Therefore, I conclude my inclusive teaching practice as an telling approach and I am constantly trying to improve it to help the learners intermit.Analyse ways to improve own practice in employ learning and teaching approaches to meet the needs of all learners.As I am always looking for opportunities for improve myself as a professional, I have set some goals for myself to be achieved in the time to come. Some of them are related to my personal development and others are to improve my professional development and teaching abilities. Moreover, some targets are for meliorate my qualifications. As inclusive practice involves many divergent types of learners I need to make myself disposed(p) for a range of learners to accommodate the needs of all students. I could learn the sign language and make myself familiar with the needs and behaviour of learners with additional and learning needs although I have some knowledge and take in at the moment. I reckon this i s a very important labour as 5.4% of all undergraduate students in the United Kingdom have self-assessed them as having some sort of an impairment in a resume conducted in 2005 (Adams and Brown, 20062). Personally, I did not have much exposure to exit with learners with special needs or learning needs during the first 6 years of my teaching career in Sri Lanka as the process of recognizing learners with needs is not specific enough in Sri Lanka when compared to the United Kingdom.When I recollect back about my school time (1989-2001), I can understandably think of some fellow students who were with us without any special support but I now realise that they probably had some special learning needs. Unfortunately, there were a set of students who were unable to read or write properly even when they were close to the GCE(Ordinary Level) examination and they were not apt(p) any support and they failed almost in all subjects and dropped out from the school. Because of my wish of ex perience in the childhood, I was unable to identify students with learning needs in the first few years of my teaching career. I gained that ability after exposing myself to teaching in the United Kingdom during the past 4 years and I am unflustered working on improving that knowledge. Teaching resources and different approaches of teaching have always been an interest for me and it is a hobby of mine to collect teaching resources and I have a considerably good collection of books and soft copies.However, I am still working on collecting more(prenominal) resources and improving them to make them more inclusive and helpful for all learners. My professional connections and the relationship with the fellow practitioners are quite good. Moreover, I read books and other materials to understand the mind-set of different learners and I expect this to be an advantage for me to understand and liaise better withthe learners who obtain my service. I believe that these improvements can be of enormous help for me to be a better teaching professional and I believe this as an on-going process.

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management

PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol. 16, No. 6, November-December 2007, pp. 780 790 issn 1059-1478 07 1606 780$1. 25 POMS doi 10. 3401/poms. 2007 operation and trading trading trading operations anxiety Society A tick on the appendage of look for in usefulness operations guidance Jeffery S. Smith Kirk R. Karwan Robert E. Mark footingDepartment of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, T whollyahassee, Florida 32306, the States Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, bunco gamefederation Carolina 29613, USA concern Science Department, Moore rail of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA email professional personfessionaltected fsu. edu kirk. emailprotected edu emailprotected sc. edu e present an confirmable assessment of the productivity of psyches and institutions in term of value operations forethought (SOM) question.We reviewed ? ve mainstream operations watchfulness journals over a 17-twelvemonth snip period to generate a audition of 463 obliges related to redevelopment operations. The results indicate that SOM look for has been growth and tell apart contributions are being do by an array of questioners and institutions. Key words investigate productivity explore review serving operations Submissions and Acceptance Original submission legitimate November 2005 revisions received July 2006 and October 2007 accepted October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. IntroductionThe transformation of industrialized economies from a manufacturing base to a military assist orientation is a continuing phenomenon. The impulsion is readily apparent in the United States where, by virtually all accounts, over 80% of private sector employment is engaged in some sort of swear out realize (Karmarkar, 2004). Despite this, observers of look into in operations commission (OM) have grand been critical of the ? years for not transitioning in a similar manner. One discover by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) reviewed 1,754 articles mingled with 1992 and 1997 in seven key OM journals and reported only 53 (2. 7%) addressed usefulness-related conundrums.Roth and Menor (2003) also voiced concern about a dearth of rese twisth in presenting a advantage operations direction (SOM) research agenda for the future. Regardless of the exact ? gures, in that position is all the way enormous capability and need for research in the aid operations arena. Recent developments inwardly the discipline are encouraging. For example, Production and operations charge (POM) and the Production and operations trouble Society (POMS) have taken some(prenominal) steps to alleviate research in function operations. First, the journal recently published trine tensioned give ups on 780 assist operations.Second, POMS created a society subdivision, the College of divine service of process trading operations, that has hosted several national and international meetings. Finally, the journal now has an autonomous editorial discussion section dedicated to service operations. Other maidens to promote the service operations care ? eld include the establishment of IBMs serve well Science, attention, and Engineering initiative (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for trading operations look and Management Science Section on returns Science. To a large extent, the service operations ? eld has long been considered to occupy a niche deep down operations charge.If service operations precaution researchers are to establish themselves ? rmly within the OM community, it is our contention that their theoretical contributions to lede academic journals must be more than widely recognized and their relevance to practice acknowledged. As a part of the effort to encourage this progress, the spirit of this note is twofold (1) to demonstrate that published work in the key operations journ als is indeed showing an upward trend and (2) to facilitate research of individual scholars by identifying the individuals and institutions that have contributed most to the ? ld of service operations. Smith, Karwan, and Markland harvest-tide of research in Service trading operations Management Production and operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 790, 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Methodology and Results Although much more complex mechanisms exist to measure contribution, we relied on a straightforward arise to assess contributions by individuals and institutions. We considered four issues (1) the time frame for the review, (2) the journals to be included, (3) the calculated for productivity, and (4) the means to identify the articles to be included.First, we selected a 17-year time frame start out with 1990 and running through 2006 because we believed that this interval would provide a comprehensive go out of the service operations ? eld as it has developed, as well as an opportunity to detect any overall trends. Next, we limited our assessment to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the premier journals in operations management (see http//citm. utdallas. edu/ utdrankings/).These include 3 journals dedicated to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary journals, Management Science (MS) and Operations seek (OR). Third, we assessed scholarly productivity by counting the number of research articles referable to both individuals and their academic institutions, assigning a weight of 1/n to an author and his or her institution if an article had duple (n) authors. The ? al issue to determine was what constituted a SOM article. We ? rst eliminated any article or research note that centered on agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. Then, two authors served as independent judges to determine whether an article employed an operations focus while addressing a service-speci? c problem or situation. In cases where in that respect was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % agreement surrounded by the two raters, the tercet author made the ? al end. Consequently, an article was excluded if it developed a generic wine operations ride or involved an operations topic that was discussed in a general way and was applicable in either a manufacturing or a service environment. When an article made speci? c abduce to service contexts and elaborated on them, it was included. To clarify this point, consider the case of an article investigating an record-positioning policy among a manufacturer and a serial generalation of sellers.The article would be included as pertaining to service operations if it took the situation of the retail operation but would be excluded if it took the manufacturing viewpoint. Using this me thodology, we identi? ed 463 apparent service operations articles (see the Appendix for a complete list) and recorded information on the author(s) and author af? liation(s) at the time of publication. The numerical summary of articles is shown in Table 1, with each journals share of service operations articles.Over the 17-year period JOM, MSOM, and POM all exceeded 15% of service articles with respect to the fall number of articles published, with OR and MS publishing somewhat smaller dowerys. Additionally, there is an upward trend in the total number of service articles appear in all ? ve journals, with a marked increase in the preceding(a) 3 years (see Figure 1). With regard to JOM and POM, part of this move is attributable to the publication of special issues, which is a positive development because it demonstrates a heightened focus originating at the editorial level.The total number of individuals appearing in the sample pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 individuals Di stribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 16 cl 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 11 2 4 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not applicable) indicates that no issue was published in the speci? c journal in the target year totals indicate the sum of all service operations articles in the noted year/journal service % indicates the representation of service articles in parity to the total number of articles published. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland Growth of research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 790, 2007 Production and Op erations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the investigating Period 70Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve journals. We conducted the same outline by institution, and it resulted in 343 organizations appearing in the sample. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of public address musical arrangement followed with productivity scores greater than 12. Table 3 lists the remainder of the 26 most productive institutions.Although clearly dependent upon the journals within the sample, an important conclusion that might Table 2 Name Ward Whitt Gary Thompson Stefanos Zenios Scott Sampson Richard Chase Arnold Barnett Kenneth Boyer Arthur Hill Aleda Roth Robert Shumsky Dimitris Bertsimas Susan Meyer Goldste in Julie Hays Ananth Iyer Andreas Soteriou Cynthia Barnhart Vishal Gaur Deborah Kellogg Larry Jacobs marshall Fisher Francois Soumis William L Cooper Jean Harvey Serguei Netessine Gerard Cachon Kingshuk Sinha Avishai Mandelbaum Individual Author Contributions productiveness score 8. 0 5. 50 3. 33 3. 33 3. 17 2. 90 2. 67 2. 67 2. 67 2. 53 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 42 2. 33 2. 25 2. 20 2. 17 2. 03 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 1. 83 1. 83 1. 83 be drawn from Tables 2 and 3 is that the key contributions in SOM research are diverse and originate from a broad array of authors and institutions. Many of these authors and institutions are known to uprise the ? eld from normative or prescriptive perspectives and others from more semiempirical or descriptive perspectives.In fact, Gupta, Verma, and Victorino (2006) recently noted that much of the growth in service research has come from studies that completely or partially employed empirical research methodologies. This increased emphasis on emp irical studies bodes well for the new and growing ? eld. Table 3 Institution Institutional Contributions Productivity score 16. 17 16. 05 13. 41 12. 17 8. 75 8. 15 6. 75 6. 67 6. 67 6. 17 5. 77 5. 67 5. 67 5. 58 5. 50 5. 42 4. 95 4. 87 4. 75 4. 70 4. 50 4. 50 4. 42 4. 33 4. 33 4. 08Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania University of Southern California Michigan State University University of Texas at Austin Stanford University Purdue University Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University University of join Carolina at Chapel Hill Georgia Institute of Technology University of doh forward-looking York University Harvard University Northern Illinois University University of Rochester Southern Methodist University Naval Postgraduate School AT&T University of Cyprus University of California at Los Angeles University of Maryland Vanderbilt University University of Michigan 2006 2005Smith, Karwan, and Markland Grow th of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 790, 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 783 3. Concluding Comments A variety of forces appear to be stimulating a longexpected increase in research emphasis on service operations management. Because service organizations and issues increasingly dominate the global economy, a greater emphasis on SOM research seems important and inevitable. With operations management journals and related professional societies simultaneously providing visibility for researchers and their efforts, it is likely that we will move forward toward a clearer and more rugged SOM research paradigm.Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Appendix Journal of Operations Management Davis, 1990, An compend of guest cheer with waiting times in a two-stage servic e do work. Mabert, 1990, mensuration the match of part-time workers in service organizations. Mersha, 1990, Enhancing the customer get to good example. Thompson, 1990, geological fault entry in services when employees have limited availability. Haynes, 1991, Management of engine room in service ? rms. Banker, 1993, co-ordinated system heading and operational decisions for service sector outlets.Thompson, 1993, Accounting for the multi-period invasion of service when determining employee requirements for labor programing. Rajagopalan, 1994, retail stocking decisions with guild and stock sales. Heineke, 1995, strategicalal operations management decisions and professional performance in U. S. HMOs. Karmarkar, 1995, Service foodstuffs and competition. Kellogg, 1995, A framework for strategic service management. Thompson, 1995, wear programing utilize NPV estimates of the marginal bene? t of additional labor depicted object. Archer, 1996, Consumer resolution to serv ice and product flavour. Butler, 1996, The operations management role in infirmary strategic planning. Klassen, 1996, programing outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment.Youngdahl, 1997, The relationship between service customers quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort. Harvey, 1998, Service quality. Narasimhan, 1998, Reengineering service operations. Soteriou, 1998, Linking the customer contact model to service quality. Simons, 1999, Process practice in a down-sizing service operation. Smith, 1999, The relationship of strategy, ? t, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Stank, 1999, outlet of service provider performance on satisfaction and loyalty of investment company managers in the fast food industry. Ketzenberg, 2000, Inventory policy for dense retail outlets. Metters, 2000, A typology of de-coupling strategies in rippleed services.Miller, 2000, Service recovery. Sarkis, 2000, An summary of the operational ef? cienc y of major airports in the United States. Seung-Chul, 2000, conciliative bed parcelling and performance in the intensive care unit. Verma, 2000, Con? gurations of low-contact services. Boone, 2001, The effect of information applied science on learning in professional service organizations. Hays, 2001, A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality. McFadden, 2001, Operations safety. Meyer-Goldstein, 2001, An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria.Pullman, 2001, Service convention and operations strategy formulation in multicultural markets. Boyer, 2002, E-services. Cook, 2002, serviceman issues in service design. Hill, 2002, Research opportunities in service member design. Li, 2002, The conflict of strategic operations management decisions on community hospital performance. Menor, 2002, New service development. 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