A Story of Three Progressives

A Story of Three Progressives Three absolute theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max weber buzz off discussed and study the complexity of youthfulization. Modernization is a broad concept that refers to major kind changes which occur when a pre-industrial fiat develops scotchally and the ca-ca bureau shifts from the home to the factory (industrialization), populate move from farms into cities where reflects ar available (urbanization), and large-scale formal organizations emerge (bureaucratization).Each of these sociologists have current major theoretical and methodological statements on the topic of newfangledization and many of their theories that were made a century or 2 ago put a counseling hold true today. Beginning with Karl Marx, an extreme revolutionary of the 19th century, he argued that modernization is an ascendancy of industrial capitalism. His idea of modernity was shaped by three developments in history the French revolutions of 1789 and 1848, the industrial and agricultural revolutions in Britain, and the collapse of the churchs intellectual credibility.patronage living his life when most of europium was still agricultural and artisanal most European states were still dominated by monarchical power and most Europeans still went to church, Marx understood industrial task and some of its future do. Marx depicts modernization as a capitalist baseball club working as a system, in which separately group or individual works to fulfill the need of an an opposite(prenominal). As soon as an individual enters a capitalist order of magnitude, he is socialized into a certain role or behavior which fulfills the ineluctably of that society (role meaning any a proletariat or a capitalist).For instance, if an individual is a proletariat he must work for a capitalist to satisfy the needs of the society. (cite communist manifesto somewhere). This division betwixt the proletarians and the capitalists ar enforced for the well be of the owners so that they can go the working class for their own means, save the working class does non resist be give this system has become normalized. The two classes work as a team and through a pecking order create a fruitive society. Overall, Marx thinks of modernization as a solid ground where individuals rely on each other to give out, and each individual is designate a role.Next, Emile Durkheim stressed that modernization involves an make upd division of dig ( narrow down economic activity), and a shift from mechanical to thoroughgoing solidarity. This academic discusses division of stab as a necessary tool for a procreative society, be postures it is as well as a natural occurrence. Durkheim proceeds from the concept that the division is an organic outgrowth of a society in which different people have different interests and skills. Therefore, a society in which individuals specialize in producing a rock-steady or service result be much competent than a so ciety that is generalized.Durkheims view of modernization explains that iindividuals no lifelong perform the a comparable(p) tasks, have the very(prenominal) interests, nor necessarily sh are the same perspectives on life. But, Durkheim makes it clear that this does not ca physical exertion a society to crop up or disintegrate, instead organic solidarity is formed. Similar to the organs inside a body, individuals perform certain specific functions, but rely on the benefit and successful performance of other individuals. If angiotensin-converting enzyme organ break dances, the rest of them fail as well. A body, or in this case a society, cannot function at all if one part crumbles.This reliance upon each other for social (and all the same physical) option is the source of organic solidarity and the modern homos interdependency in a society. Lastly, Max Weber analyzed modernization as the replacement of tradition with rationality. He felt that society will become more compl icated, specialized, professionalized, and class-conscious in the modern world. prayer and religion will no longer be aspects that fix and/or help solve enigmas. Science will be the rational way of thought and will be the dominate way of finding a solution.Specialization will result in professionalism, which in turn will bring more order to the modern world as all segment of every job will have a specializer. In general, modernization to Weber meant society will be controllight-emitting diode by managers and experts, and rationality will dictate the way of life. Each of these theorists have unshakable opinions on modernization and developed what they deliberate will be the effects of it in the future. Between Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, various theoretical arguments have been made, each being extremely progressive thoughts for the time period they lived in.Karl Marx thinks modernization leads to both good and bad outcomes. One outcome modernization leads to is dementia. Marx believed that alienation is a overbearing result of capitalism, in which both the capitalist and proletariat become isolated. This hypothesis is based upon his observation that, in emerging industrial exertion, under capitalism, workers needs lose control of their lives and selves in not having any control of their work. Thus, workers neer become autonomous, self-realized gentle beings in any significant sense. Karl Marx attributes four types of alienation in labor under capitalism.The first type is when the worker becomes change from his own human potential. The workplace is no longer a place of fulfillment, but instead where the worker feels the least human and the least like himself. Ultimately, the worker becomes a machine that is controlled. The next type of alienation occurs between workers. This happens beca apply capitalism reduces labor to a goodness to be traded on the market, alternatively than a true social relationship. Even if a worker is side by side another worker, he is un probable to communicate with him due(p) to the nature of capitalism (e. . an assembly line using technology does not allow one to speak with a fellow worker). Thirdly, the worker becomes conf employ from the product itself. This occurs because the capitalist class controls the worker and in turn owns the product. In fact, a worker must buy the product he makes for the same price as anyone else. Lastly, a worker becomes alienated from the entire production process. This means that the actual work becomes mind slight, meaningless, and more than apparent offers little or no intrinsic gaietys.Similarly, a worker who performs a very specialized task may not even know what the final product will be. Another outcome Marx believes modernization leads to is social stratification. Social stratification means that working class people are not likely to advance socioeconomically, while the wealthy people may continue to exploit the proletariat generation after generation. Marx identified that the social classes are stratified based on their connection to the means of production and wherefore the view class, bourgeoisie, and proletarians, maintain their social positions by maintaining their elationship with the means of production. This maintenance of status quo is achieved by various methods of social control employed by the bourgeoisie within many aspects of social life (e. g. religion). Marx also strongly believed modernization would cause products and/or commodities to have sub value. This meant that instead of products being used immediately, they would be exchanged in the market for money or other objects. This use value is attached to the relationship between human needs and touchable objects that can satisfy those needs.For instance, shoes have the purpose of protecting ones feet and start has the use value of satisfying hunger. If an individual chooses to trade one of these objects for the other than he has given each an exchange value. According to Marx, the various exchange values of commodities reflect the various amounts of labor, measured in time, that their production requires. Commodities and their use value lead to Marxs idea on the fetichism of commodities. This is when the commodity takes on its own form.This can be something an individual produces or even ones own labor. Ones own labor can even become a commodity, as it bought and sold and therefore requires an exchange value. This idea also relates to alienation mentioned above. A workers labor is used by the capitalist to make the objects that ultimately come to dominate the workers. Hence, commodities are the source of alienation because workers produce for the sake of others instead of for their own purposes and needs. Similarly, the fetishism of commodities can be interpreted into the concept of depersonalization neurosis.Reification is the process of attack to believe that humanly created social forms are natural, universal, and absolute thing s. This implies that people believe that social structures are beyond their control and unchangeable. Marx believed capitalism would cause reification to occur and create a self-fulfilling prophecy in which structures actually do become the character others believe they are. This concept demonstrates that capitalism will not only lead to objects given value, but people as well. Marx also feels that modernization leads to wants becoming needs, and needs reating more needs. In other words, the satisfaction of ones needs can lead to the creation of unused needs. Ritzers example for this is how the production of cars satisfied the need for long-distance travel, but led to a new need for highways. Also, at one time people did not feel they needed cars when the car was first invented, but nowadays most people feel they need them. Therefore, Marx concluded that labor occurs in response to needs, but the labor itself transforms needs, which can lead to new forms of productive activity.One final thought Karl Marx thought capitalism would create was a proletariat revolution. Because the capitalist exploit the workers, Marx believed that sooner or later the proletarians would weight-lift back. As capitalism progresses more and more people become workers, and less people become capitalists. Marx thought that with increasing numbers of workers, more electric resistance to exploitation and oppression would occur, ultimately leading to a confrontation and revolution. Despite these thoughts, Marx felt that capitalism was a step in the right direction.The digest of capitalism opened up new possibilities for granting immunity of workers and provides possibility for freedom from the traditions from previous societies (pre capitalism). Though, Marx was an advocate of Communism and believed this was the answer to a change in mode of production. Next, Emile Durkheim has theories on the effects of modernization as well. First, Durkheim believes modernization leads to dynamic minginess. Over time, societies go through a transition from being more primitive/mechanical, to being more modern/organic the difference double-dealing in the source of their solidarity, or what holds them together (Ritzer, 2007).The cause of this transition is an increase in dynamic density. One may think the solution to this problem is to have a ontogeny or increasing population, but this is not sufficient enough to create change in the division of labor. The reasonableness for this is that individuals and small groups of people can live in relative isolation from one another and still perform most of the tasks necessary for survival themselves, no matter how big the overall population gets (Ritzer, 2007).Therefore, a growing population must also increase the frequency with which people move within and between social groups. This increase in dynamic density is likely to cause a division of labor and the transformation of social solidarity. As mentioned above, Durkheim devel oped two terms mechanical and organic solidarity. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity means a unified one in which every person is a generalist. This society is held together because each individual is engaged in a similar activity as the another, and can therefore relate with each other.Contrasting, organic solidarity is held together by the differences among people and the fact that each individual has a different job or task. Durkheim believed that modern society was one in which there are a narrow range of tasks and many people must work in order to survive. Therefore, modern society is held together by the long suit of people and their need for the services of many others. Unfortunately, according to Durkheim, this means that modern societies have weaker shared understandings, norms, and beliefs than primitive ones, but are more likely to be cohesive from the division of labor.Along with dynamic density, Durkheim was concerned just about the moral healthof modern society. He felt that morality was connected with society and therefore society could not be immoral, but it could peradventure lose its moral force if the collective interest of society became zippo but self-interests of individuals. Durkheim also felt that people were in risk of a pathological loosening of moral bonds (Ritzer, 2007). Without this, people would be in research of more and more gratification, leading to more and more needs.Every human being will want more and society will start to not limit these needs. Durkheim called this the insatiable desire that modernization would endure. In summary, Durkheim debates in The Division of Labor that moral solidarity has changed in modern society and that modern society allows for more interdependence and closer, less competitive relations. Lastly, Max Weber thinks modernization leads to a variety of outcomes. The first outcome of modernization is bureaucracy.